Defense of the dissertation of Есен Сырым Ғадылбекұлы for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the specialty «8D02208 - %!s(*string=0xc002324520)»
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, a dissertation defense for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by Есен Сырым Ғадылбекұлы on the topic ««Study of medieval funerary monuments of Saryarka based on interdisciplinary research»» in the field of «8D02208 – %!s(*string=0xc002324520)».
The dissertation was carried out at the «Archeology and Ethnology» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.
The language of defense is kazakh
Reviewers:
Калменов Мурат Дабылович - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Тәжекеев Әзілхан Әуезханұлы - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Temporary members of the Dissertation Committee:
Қожа Мұхтар Бақадырұлы - Doctor of Science
Ақымбек Ералы Шардарбекұлы - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Табалдыев Кубатбек Шакиевич
Касенов Марат Сейтжанович - Candidate of Science
Academic Advisors:
Zhanisov Aset – candidate of historical sciences, deputy director for experimental work of the BINOM SCHOOL school-lyceum named after. A. Bokeikhan (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan)
Belek Kairat – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), teacher of the history department of the Kyrgyz-Turkish University "Manas" (Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic)
The defense will take place on November 01, 2023, at 03:00 PM in the Dissertation Council for the training direction «8D022 – %!s(*string=0xc002324530)» in the specialty «8D02208 – %!s(*string=0xc002324520)» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The defense meeting is planned to be held online.
Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81896342834?pwd=Qm41VzhETkh0L3VqUTBpNDVKK3RhZz09 ID: 818 9634 2834, код: 360763
Address: А. Пушкин, 11, корпус №2, 324 аудитория
Abstract (English): Relevance of the research topic. The Central Kazakhstan small hills, rich in lakes, as well as boundless steppes, are known in history as Saryarka. In the Middle Ages, this region was called the Kipchak steppe. At the time when Genghis Khan divided the lands he conquered between his four sons, the Kipchak steppe came into the possession of the eldest son Jochi. Ulus of Jochi is the most important historical period in the history of the state structure of the Kazakh people. It was during this era that political, cultural, spiritual and ethnic changes took place in the steppe belts of Eurasia. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct comprehensive research concerning the ethnic, national and cultural history of the Kazakh people and related Turkic peoples of this period. At the same time, a special place is occupied by historical and cultural heritage, where funerary monuments can be considered as a separate complex. For example, ethno-folklore data have been preserved regarding several monuments of famous historical figures under the names of Alasha Khan, Zhoshy Khan, Talmas ata, Bolgan ana, Zhuban ana, Bytygai. These data were obtained through research by historians, ethnographers, art scholars and literary critics. It is also possible to find medieval chronicles relating to some of the above individuals. In addition, based on the notes of travelers, as well as the memories of other authors starting from the 17th century, local history data was collected. Thus, the systematization of the historiography of funerary monuments, divided into different groups of sources, has its own specifics. When we talk about the medieval funerary monuments of Saryarka, here we can distinguish burial places in the form of mausoleums, fences and mounds. Depending on the external structure and internal attributes of monuments, it is possible to further explore their ritual-conscious, social, everyday, religious and moral structures. When studying funerary forms, cultural and chronological data, genealogical history, ethnic symbols, and information related to anthropological characteristics are taken. You can also get information about the local population’s ideas about life and death, about the world of the living and the dead, about social classification, gender and age division of society. Based on this, it follows the importance of delving into scientific issues, widely using archaeological research methods. Based on new approaches, as well as interdisciplinary research using modern methodologies from the natural sciences, it becomes possible to rethink the above indirect information and scientific research materials. For example, determining the exact age of a monument using organic waste or studying its genealogical history using genetic analysis is one of the current trends in this line of research. During many years of archaeological excavations related to the monuments of the times of Ulus of Jochi, some valuable artifacts were discovered. Some of these items were discovered by chance in such memorable places as Kulanaygyr, Ayuly, others were found during the restoration of the monuments of Zhoshy Khan, Ayakkamyr, Bytygai and others, some during emergency excavations. Most of the exhibits are kept in scientific institutions and museum collections. Among them are household items, weapons, details of formal clothing, products made of wood, metal, leather, fabric, etc., related to historical figures, as well as anthropological materials obtained from other funerary monuments. However, many of these valuable exhibits are still collecting dust, not entering scientific circulation and not being put on display. For example, no drawings, drawings, or scientific definitions were created based on building materials from mausoleums such as Kelintam, Zhanseittam, Khan Orda, or relics from graves. Archaeological materials found during excavations in the mausoleums of Alasha Khan and Zhoshy Khan are limited to only a brief summary. Targeted studies of the monuments Auliekol, Kalbasun, Nurataldy were carried out without anthropological and radiocarbon analyzes. There are still no results of studies of animal bones related to the studied monuments of Saryarka. As a result, some valuable relics wore out over time, became obsolete and became unusable. Along with the study of exhibits, these objects need their scientific modernization and the organization of museumification. Purpose of the study. Study of medieval funerary monuments of Saryarka (13th-15th) on the basis of interdisciplinary connections based on archaeological data. In addition, analysis of history, formation and development, chronology, features of the construction of monuments. Scientific results: Folklore and local history information on the theoretical problems of medieval funerary monuments of Saryarka has been collected, and a historiography has been compiled based on archaeological research. The monuments were grouped by location, historical and topographical structure and construction, and also classified by construction features. During participation in archaeological research of funerary monuments, new archaeological materials were obtained. Thus, conclusions were drawn on a scientific basis on issues of funeral tradition and periodization. Numismatic data from medieval Saryarka (13th-15th centuries), found in funerary monuments, were grouped and analyzed. Interdisciplinary research has been carried out on the bones and organic remains of people discovered during archaeological excavations. Reconstructions were created based on archaeological materials of high historical value. Object of study. Medieval funerary monuments of Saryarka dating back to the era of Ulus of Jochi: mausoleum, necropolis, objects in the form of individual mounds and artifacts found at these monuments. Subject of study. Study of material culture and ideological beliefs in the funerary monuments of Saryarka of the 13th-15th centuries. based on archaeological data. Scientific novelty of the dissertation work. - Regarding the funerary monuments of Saryarka in the 13th-15th centuries more than 50 versions of legends associated with 12 historical figures were grouped and a scientific substantiation of folklore sources was compiled; - based on the analysis and systematization of materials related to 45 archaeological sites, consisting of funerary and cult-memorial complexes and about 150 burials, conclusions were presented that determine the historical and cultural appearance of Saryarka in the era of Ulus of Jochi; - as a result of archaeological exploration, 2 new mausoleums and 1 group of mounds were discovered and introduced into scientific circulation; - funeral monuments of Saryarka of the 13th-15th centuries, mausoleums were grouped by territorial location and classified by the nature of construction; - priority areas for burial differences that determine social and cultural characteristics have been identified; - based on the materials of the mausoleum Bolgan ana, Talmas ata, Zhanibek-Shalkar, signs of a medieval elite funeral tradition were identified; - numismatic data found in medieval (13th-15th) funerary monuments of Saryarka were grouped and analyzed; - using natural scientific methods of studying organic (bone, tissue) remains obtained from individual monuments, anthropological characteristics and years of life were determined; - the study, conducted at five sites, included genetic analyses, genealogical ancestry identification, and historical comparative conclusions; - as a result of scientific restoration work based on materials from the Zhanibek-Shalkar mausoleum, Bolgan Ana, a scientifically based concept of a thematic exhibition was developed, exhibited in regional historical and local history museums. Research objectives: - collection of data on theoretical issues of the topic and review of the history of the study of folklore, local history, and scientific works; -description, grouping and classification of monuments according to the characteristics of their location, historical and topographical structure and structure; - participation in archaeological research on funerary monuments, collection of new materials; - draw conclusions on a scientific basis on issues of funeral tradition and periodization of monuments; - grouping and analysis of numismatic data found on funerary monuments of medieval Saryarka (13th -15th centuries); - conducting anthropological research on the remains of human bones found during archaeological excavations; - organize a laboratory (palaeogenetic, radiocarbon) analysis of organic waste (bones) obtained during the study, and draw scientific conclusions based on their results; - development and preparation for the exhibition of scientific reconstructions of exhibits based on archaeological materials of high historical value. Chronological frame of the research work. The chronological period of the study covers the middle of the 13th century and the first half of the 15th century. This corresponds to the historical period from the official formation of the state structure of the Ulus of Jochi until its collapse. Research methods. In the course of solving current problems on the topic of research and presenting irrefutable scientific evidence, the principles of comparative historical analysis and systematization, generally accepted in the field of archeology, were laid down. This allows you to find an objective answer to theoretical questions, considering the methodological object of research as a complex structure. In addition, we referred to specific methods when collecting and examining data. Thus, during the analysis of oral tradition data, the narrative method was used. At the same time, historical events and social phenomena, peoples and historical figures, time and toponymic identities were analyzed in systematic accordance. The methodology for processing sources has been developed for the definition and attribution of terms, comparison, identification of similarities and features. Study of the texts of legends obtained from oral tradition in various aspects, i.e. from a communicative, pragmatic point of view, was carried out using the method of discourse analysis. This means determining the influence of the relationship between the storyteller and the scribe of legends in a particular time, space and other context on historical reality and its interpretation by understanding the basic intent of folklore. Since the main object of research is historical monuments, archaeological survey and excavation methods were used. During the reconnaissance, maps of search, detection, recording and description were compiled and located in optimal areas for life, such as the route of old caravan roads, river banks and lakes. Aerial photographs, panoramic and comprehensive photographs of the monument area were taken. Generally accepted approaches to control, monitoring, registration and documentation were used. Instrumental topographical designs of the monuments were filmed. Work will be carried out on geoinformation mapping and digital modeling. Using unmanned aerial vehicles, a digital relief model of the monument territory and 3D images are created using the photogrammetric method. Archaeological research was carried out using traditional methods of excavation of burials in mausoleums and fences. The materials obtained during the excavations were systematized using the method of formal and comparative analysis. While formal analysis was used in the process of description, grouping, classification of archaeological materials, comparative analysis was used to determine the periodization of the monument, establish the territory of distribution, and determine historical and cultural attribution. As a result, it was possible to find a solution to such important issues as planigraphic analysis of the territory of the mausoleum and burial ground, reflection of ideology in funeral rites, determination of the social status of the buried, and assessment of ethnocultural continuity. The main priority direction in the implementation of research work is the desire to effectively integrate the methods of natural sciences into archeology. In particular, anthropological, paleogenetic, and radiocarbon examinations were carried out. Based on fossils discovered during archaeological excavations, anthropological (body size, physical conditioning skills, pathological features, etc.) characteristics were developed. The conclusions of the paleogenetic study were made based on the isolation and analysis of ancient DNA and the phylogeny of ancient pathogenic organisms. Along with identifying differences between ancient and modern DNA based on the decay and chemical modification of DNA, a search was undertaken to reconstruct paleogenomes. In general, the scientific foundations of geneological modification, genealogical history, and family relationships of individuals as an object of research have been obtained. Based on organic waste (bones), a carbon periodicity is compiled. Four cattle bones from the study site were studied by archaeozoological methods and morphological and morphometric data were obtained. These examinations made it possible to draw scientific conclusions in combination with ethnographic rituals (as, tabak tartu, etc.). Studies were carried out on the preserved details of textile products using microscopy and chemical-technological methods. In this direction, a scientific justification was developed by identifying samples of the collection of exhibits, analyzing the level of preservation, studying the technique and technology of production or execution. Thus, the style of clothing and the social and social status of women in the era of the Ulus of Jochi were determined. A mineralogical and technical-technological analysis of the composition of building materials in the form of ceramic bricks was carried out. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) analysis, their chemical (elemental) and mineral composition was determined. Based on numismatic materials, cleaning, measurement, determination of composition, spectral analysis and examination of inscriptions and symbols were carried out, methods for determining the “tenge forging” technique were studied. A comparative analysis was carried out on the symbols and relief patterns applied to the surface, depending on the degree of preservation of the coins. The year of minting and the time of circulation are determined. The place of minting and the mint have been studied. Based on archaeological artifacts (weapons, household items, ritual objects, etc.) and the remains of textiles and leather products recognized as very valuable, scientifically based reconstructions of clothing were made. For the restoration of ritual items, household items, and jewelry, methods of collection, systematization, comparative historical, semantic analysis, and synthesis of materials were used. We turned to the methods of scientific reconstruction and hyper-realistic sculpting in the field of contemporary art in order to truly comprehend (see and feel) the material heritage of Ulus of Jochi. In the Bolgan ana mausoleum, a scientific replica of the anthropological appearance of the buried people was presented, as well as a famous copy using the hyperrealistic sculpting method. In addition, suitable parts of the afterlife objects that the buried person used in everyday life and accompanying equipment were restored and scientific reconstructions were made. Thus, through scientific analysis of the available material, a unique museum exhibition was created, reproducing ancient technologies for sewing ceremonial clothing and making household items. The following results are submitted for defense: Funeral monuments of Saryarka 13th-15th centuries were considered for the first time as a subject of separate scientific research and were studied comprehensively. Its justification is folklore data in the form of legends, historical works, archaeological materials and new conclusions made taking into account the results of research in the field of natural science. For archaeological research, oral literature and ethnographic data have been used as a valuable source of funerary monuments. For the first time, medieval funerary monuments of Saryarka were classified according to the type of construction, structure, areas of distribution and function were reflected. Based on the structure of burial sites, burial customs and the relics received, signs of a traditional, Muslim and mixed character were identified. Numismatic data found on the medieval (13th-15th centuries) burials of Saryarka were assessed as a determining factor in the historical area, chronology, and cultural attribution of the monuments. Anthropological studies have identified a person's race, biological age, sex, build, pathological characteristics, and general features as a function of skeletal size. The results of the study confirm the correctness of scientific conclusions that the morphophysiological characteristics of the modern Kazakh people were fully formed in the 14th-15th centuries. As a result of chemical analyzes of organic matter (bones), periodic studies were carried out. As a result, the actual age, geneological structure were established for individual monuments, and the continuity of the Kazakh people with the chronicle history in the tribal system was determined. A scientific justification for the restoration and exhibition of historical artifacts was made. In this direction, a new beginning in the archeology of Kazakhstan is the creation of scientific and restoration work on the complex of Zhoshy Khan, the mausoleum of Bolgan Ana, Talmas Ata, Zhanibek-Shalkar: ceremonial robes (shapan), weapons, dishes, household items, hyper-realistic sculpture through anthropological materials. Based on archaeological data, it has been proven that the Saryarka region can be considered not only as a political and economic territory where funerary monuments from the time of Ulus of Jochi are concentrated, but also as one of the historical and cultural centers. Justification of the novelty and significance of the obtained results: Funeral monuments of Saryarka 13th-15th centuries were considered for the first time as a subject of separate scientific research and were studied comprehensively. Its justification is folklore data in the form of legends, historical works, archaeological materials and new conclusions made taking into account the results of research in the field of natural science. For archaeological research, oral literature and ethnographic data have been used as a valuable source of funerary monuments. For the first time, medieval funerary monuments of Saryarka were classified according to the type of construction, structure, areas of distribution and function were reflected. Based on the structure of burial sites, burial customs and the relics received, signs of a traditional, Muslim and mixed character were identified. Numismatic data found on the medieval (13th-15th centuries) burials of Saryarka were assessed as a determining factor in the historical area, chronology, and cultural attribution of the monuments. Anthropological studies have identified a person's race, biological age, sex, build, pathological characteristics, and general features as a function of skeletal size. The results of the study confirm the correctness of scientific conclusions that the morphophysiological characteristics of the modern Kazakh people were fully formed in the 14th-15th centuries. As a result of chemical analyzes of organic matter (bones), periodic studies were carried out. As a result, the actual age, geneological structure were established for individual monuments, and the continuity of the Kazakh people with the chronicle history in the tribal system was determined. A scientific justification for the restoration and exhibition of historical artifacts was made. In this direction, a new beginning in the archeology of Kazakhstan is the creation of scientific and restoration work on the complex of Zhoshy Khan, the mausoleum of Bolgan Ana, Talmas Ata, Zhanibek-Shalkar: ceremonial robes (shapan), weapons, dishes, household items, hyper-realistic sculpture through anthropological materials. Based on archaeological data, it has been proven that the Saryarka region can be considered not only as a political and economic territory where funerary monuments from the time of Ulus of Jochi are concentrated, but also as one of the historical and cultural centers. Source base of research work. Depending on the nature and time, the actual research data can be divided into two groups; these are written and archaeological materials, which can also be classified. 1. Written sources. This category of sources includes medieval written works, memoirs and notes of local history, and folklore sources. The main group of written sources is supplemented by archival documents based on materials collected over the past 80 years in the field of Kazakh archeology. In particular, archival documents were received from the A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archeology, K.A. Akishev Research Institute of Archeology at the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, “Saryarka Archaeological Institute” at E. Buketov Karaganda State University, Republican State Enterprise “Kazkaytazhangyrtu”, Karaganda and Akmola Regional Organization for the Protection of Monuments. Including reports, drawings and photographs of archaeological expeditions conducted in the Ulytau, Taldin, Irtysh, Nura, Korgalzhin, and Auliekol regions of Saryarka for the period from 1931 to 2022 were collected. 130 cases were considered, 54 copies of cases were confiscated. Among which the most significant are field diaries, drawings, scientific reports of such scientists as K.I. Satpayev, A.Kh. Margulan, K.A. Akishev, M.K. Kylshbaev, G.G. Gerasimov, G.I. Patsevich, F.Kh. Arslanova, M.K. Khabdulina, M. Senbin, Zh.E. Smailov, T.N. Smagulov and others. 2. Archaeological sources. Archaeological materials constitute the main group of research sources, which includes historical artifacts related to funerary monuments in the form of mausoleums, fences, and mounds located on the territory of Saryarka. These include 24 (29) mausoleums, 8 (34) siege-type memorial objects and 13 (85) burial mounds. This also includes archaeological artifacts of the nature of building materials, objects of the afterlife (weapons, household items, etc.), discovered as a result of research conducted from 1946 to the present. The collection of materials in this category has been replenished with valuable historical heritage stored and on display and in the funds of historical and local history museums of Karaganda, Akmola, Pavlodar, Ulytau regions, the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Central State Museum. It includes stone, brick, adobe, unsealed linings used for the construction of monuments, as well as archaeological materials such as human bones, animal bones, household items, metal objects, etc., found in the tomb. Archaeological materials collected by the dissertation student himself during this research work also belong to the new stream of research data. In particular, samples of bones from the mausoleums of Alash Khan, Zhoshy Khan, Ayakkamyr, clothing (ceremonial robe (shapan), headdress, boots), weapons, dishes, household items made of wood or metal and organic waste found at such memorial sites , like the Bolgan ana complex, Zhanibek-Shalkar, Talmas-ata, Saryadyr, Jochi Khan. Compliance with the directions of scientific development or government programs: The dissertation is a comprehensive research work on the medieval history and culture of Saryarka, which contributes to the formation of a theoretical methodological basis. The results of the study support the political-ideological principles and strategic programs of Kazakhstan. The materials and results of the dissertation can be used in writing scientific works on the medieval archeology of Kazakhstan and the history of the steppe region of Eurasia, as well as for the development of educational and methodological complexes and lecture courses. Research materials can be included in the content of basic and elective courses for students studying in the educational programs “archaeology”, “history”, “museum studies”. Currently, materials from such monuments as Zhoshy Khan, Bolgan Ana, Zhanibek-Shalkar are widely promoted in the media. Valuable exhibits and scientific restoration works found as a result of the research are presented in the permanent exhibitions of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Akmola and Karaganda regional historical and local history museums. Personal contribution of the applicant: during the course of the work, the dissertation candidate took part in archaeological excavations of the mausoleums of Alasha Khan, Bolgan ana, Ayakkamyr, Talmas-ata, the Zhoshy Khan complex and the Saryadyr necropolis, located in the Zhanibek-Shalkar mausoleum, Ulytau district of Akmola region, where there were data was obtained in the form of funeral traditions. The basis for writing this doctoral dissertation was new materials and results of interdisciplinary research collected by the dissertation student during archaeological exploration and excavations carried out in Saryarka in the period from 2018 to 2023, concerning the historical and topographical structure, architecture, and material culture of medieval funerary monuments. Approbation of research work. The main results of the study were published in the form of 8 scientific articles and 2 books. Of these, 2 articles were published in journals included in the Scopus information base, 2 articles in publications recommended by the Committee for Control in the Sphere of Education and Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1 article in international conference, 1 article in the collection of international conferences held in Kazakhstan, 1 article in a scientific journal, 1 article in a scientific collection. In addition, the applicant co-authored 2 scientific and educational works. Structure of the dissertation. The structure of the work is determined in accordance with generally accepted principles and the solution of the main tasks posed in the dissertation work. The structure of the work consists of two parts. The first part of the study includes an introduction, three sections, a conclusion and a list of references; the second part consists of appendices.
Conclusion of the Research Ethics Committee
Defense of the dissertation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4B6UlsrKnU
