Defense of the dissertation of Муканова Куралай Айтжановна for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the specialty «6D060800 - Экология »
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, a dissertation defense for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by Муканова Куралай Айтжановна on the topic «Development of scientific and practical foundations of rice growing using the “green technologies” method to solve environmental problems in rice growing» in the field of «6D060800 – Экология ».
The dissertation was carried out at the «» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.
The language of defense is kazakh
Reviewers:
Дуйсембеков Бахытжан Алишерович - Candidate of Science
Хусаинов Абильжан Токанович - Doctor of Science
Temporary members of the Dissertation Committee:
Канаев Ашимхан Токтасынович - Doctor of Science, Professor
Бахов Жумабек Кубеевич - Doctor of Science, Professor
Костылев Павел Иванович - Doctor of Science
Szoszkiewicz Krzysztof
Academic Advisors:
Akbayeva Lyailya Khamidullaevna – Candidate of Biological Sciences, acting Professor of the department “Management and Engineering in the Sphere of Environmental Protection” ENU named after L.N. Gumilyov (Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana).
Zelensky Grigory Leonidovich – Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of the department “Genetics, Selection, and Seed Production” of Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin (Russian Federation, Kuban).
The defense will take place on March 12, 2024, at 10:00 AM in the Dissertation Council for the training direction «8D052 – %!s(*string=0xc009aee620)» in the specialty «6D060800 – Экология » of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The defense meeting is planned to be held online.
Link: https://clck.ru/38bUkA
Address: г. Астана, ул. Қажымұқан, 13, Учебный корпус №3, ауд. №333.
Abstract (English): General description of work. Сalculations of methane emissions and water resources costs from rice fields of the Kyzylorda region and the residual content of toxic substances in rice grains were made in the dissertation work. The results of the research on the impact of various nutrient media and types of substrates on different varieties of rice grown by hydroponics method have been discussed. The possibility of growing rice in vertical greenhouses is being considered. Relevance of the research topic. The Concept for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2021–2030 indicates the main problems in agriculture as the irrational use of agricultural land, the lack of an effective system for monitoring land use processes and observing crop rotations; deterioration of land quality, lack of a unified service and platform for high-quality (soil, geobotanical, agrochemical) land accounting. Rice is one of the most valuable cereal crops in the world, which is grown in large quantities, has a number of requirements for growing technology that have a great impact on ecosystems, and even contributes to climate change. In recent years, rice growing has been developing in the direction of increasing the yield of varieties, increasing production volumes through the use of intensive cultivation technologies with the introduction of large volumes of chemical materials, including mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products from pests, diseases, and weeds. All this leads to the accumulation of harmful chemical compounds in the soil, groundwater, and atmosphere, which, in turn, affects the productivity of fishing, damages crop production, livestock farming, horticulture, vegetable growing, cleanliness of the environment, and health care, as well as creates economic and social problems. The main environmental problems associated with rice growing are the following: - high consumption of water resources upon non-ecological technology for growing rice (high percentage of evaporation); - soil degradation due to compaction, waterlogging, and salinization; - changes in groundwater in the rice-growing ecosystem; - pollution of ecosystems with heavy metals and pesticides, including persistent organic pollutants - contribution to climate warming due to the release of greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide - morbidity of the population, which is associated with poor-quality drinking water, pollution of the region with pesticides; However, with population growth, the volume of grown rice increases from year to year; respectively, the volume of areas for rice growing will increase, and additional water consumption for irrigation will be required. This entails an increase in the risk of threats to ecosystems. In this regard, in the coming decades, it will be necessary to change technological approaches to rice growing, search for new varieties, the possibility of saving water resources, and other means. Purpose of the study. Development of scientific and methodological foundations of green technology for growing rice to prevent the adverse environmental consequences of rice growing and for the rational use of natural resources. Research objectives: 1. To make calculations of emissions of the greenhouse gas methane in the rice fields of the Kyzylorda region; 2. To calculate the costs of water resources for irrigating rice fields in the Kyzylorda region; 3. To determine the residual amount of toxic substances (organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals) in rice grains of the “Aikerim” and “Favorite” varieties. 4. To study the influence and effectiveness of nutrient solutions based on the universal complex “Flora Series”, a solution with a complex of microelements “Uniflor”, complex water-soluble fertilizer “Aquarin” on the growing season of rice varieties “Aikerim”, “Favorite”, “Yantar”. 5. To determine the biometric characteristics of rice varieties “Yantar”, “Favorit”, “Aikerim” grown by hydroponics method. 6. Selection and study of the impact of organic and mineral substrates on the germination and development of rice varieties “Yantar”, “Favorit”, “Aikerim” grown in a rack hydroponic installation. 7. To develop the conceptual foundations of a biotechnological complex for growing rice on hydroponics in urban conditions. The object of study. Rice varieties “Aikerim”, “Favorit” and “Yantar”, which have several differences from each other in terms of cultivation requirements, actively grown in the Kyzylorda region. The scientific novelty of the research. Comprehensive studies on methane emissions in rice fields for rice-growing areas of the Kyzylorda region were conducted for the first time by identifying factors that are harmful to the environment of rice growing. For the first time, ineffective amounts of water resources in rice cultivation due to evaporation from the water surface have been calculated. For the first time, technological conditions were developed for growing rice until the full growing season using the hydroponics method, for which a patent for utility model No. 7140 was obtained dated 27.05.2022. The method of growing rice in hydroponic installations, Akbayeva L.Kh., Mukanova K.A., Abzhalelov A.B., Safuani Zh.E., Mamytova N.S.; Tulegenov E.A. The biometric parameters of rice plants of the “Aikerim” and “Favorite” varieties grown until the full growing season in hydroponics were compiled. An option for the industrial use of hydroponics for growing rice in vertical greenhouses has also been proposed. A “green technology” option has been proposed for the industrial application of hydroponics for growing rice in mega-greenhouses. The optimal formulation of the nutrient medium and types of substrates for growing rice hydroponically has been proposed. Scientific and practical significance of the work. The scientific significance of the work lies in the fact that the obtained values of methane emissions from rice fields determine the contribution of rice farming to the greenhouse effect of the planet. The features of rice vegetation under artificial conditions have been studied, and the degree of accumulation of various pesticides and heavy metals by different varieties of rice has been shown. The work allows us to determine the predicted methane emissions from fields and water consumption for growing rice. The practical significance of the work is that growing rice in a hydroponic installation as a method of “green technology” solves a number of environmental problems associated with growing rice and the quality of rice itself. The research is aimed at achieving high yields, environmental safety of production and food safety, and a positive socio-economic effect. Research results Rice is a valuable cereal grown on a large scale and it has a great impact on ecosystems, causing the following environmental problems: large losses of water resources, soil degradation, impact on groundwater levels, pollution of ecosystems with heavy metals and pesticides, as well as the contribution of greenhouse gases to climate warming due to the release of methane and nitrogen oxide. The problems of rice growing are exacerbated by rapid climate change. In this regard, technological approaches to rice growing will need to be changed in the coming decades. 1. For the rice fields of the Kyzylorda region (Zhalagash, Zhanakorgan, Shieli, Syrdarya, Karmakshinsky, Kazalinsky, and the city of Kyzylorda) for 2020, methane greenhouse gas emissions were calculated. The volume of greenhouse gas emissions of methane during the growing season from an area of 89,492 hectares in the Kyzylorda region per year is about 21.22 tons or 0.237 tons/ha. This is 1.25% of the total quota under the national greenhouse gas emissions plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2021. 2. Rice farming in the territory of the Kyzylorda region is irrational in the use of water resources. The cost of water resources for irrigation of rice fields in the Kyzylorda region for 2020 - 2 271 217 468 m3 or 25,379 m3/ha., while inefficient losses of water resources amount to 1,236,152,996 m3 tons or 54.4% of all irrigation water. 3. The determination of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in rice grains “Aikerim” and “Favorite” was carried out by an analytical method in the Laboratory of Food and Environmental Safety of the Kazakh-Japanese Innovation Center of KazNARU. Organochlorine pesticides HCH α-isomers from – 0.0002 mg/kg, HCH β-isomers – from 0.0002 mg/kg, HCH γ-isomers – from 0.0001 mg/kg – were found in rice grains of the “Aikerim” and “Favorit” varieties. 0.0002 mg/kg, 4.4DDT - 0.0002 - 0.0003 mg/kg, 4.4DDE - from 0.0001 mg/kg, aldrin - from 0.0001 mg/kg. The content of heavy metals in “Aikerim” and “Favorite” rice grains is as follows: Cd 0.014 mg/kg – 0.036 mg/kg and Pb – 0.013 mg/kg–0.015 mg/kg; 4. Several "formulas" of nutrient solutions were used in the work, which differ in the set of fertilizers, as well as their quantity. The most successful was the experiment with a solution made based on mineral fertilizers and complex water-soluble fertilizer “Aquarin” with a selected dosage of substances: 0.07 g/l Potassium magnesium (K2SO4•MgSO4), 0.18 g/l Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), 0.27 g/l Calcium nitrate (Ca (NO3)2), 0.01 g/l Iron chelate, 0.5 g/l Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), 0.8 g/l Aquarin. In this case, the following concentration of nutrients is achieved, sufficient for the normal growth and development of rice plants: N-60 mg/l, P-19, 65 mg/l, K-70.35 mg/l, Mg-26.25 mg/l, S-15 mg/l, B-0.075 mg/l, Ca-7.5 mg/l, Cu-0.075 mg/l, Fe-0.9 mg/l, Mn-0.3 mg/l, Mo -0.03 mg/l, Zn-0.12 mg/l. 5. By determining the following quantitative characteristics: plant height, productive bushiness, grain weight per plant and main panicle, empty grain, as well as the duration of the period from planting to sweeping, biometric parameters of the rice varieties “Aikerim” and “Favorite” were compiled. At the same time, plant growth, productive bushiness, and the length of the main panicle obtained under hydroponics are within the normal range of soil crops. There is a 5% increase in the empty grain content of rice of the “Aikerim” variety than in plants on soil, and the weight of 1000 pieces of grain was 8-9% lower than the norm. 6. Based on research results, it has been established that types of substrates affect plant growth in different ways. The mineral substart of agorvat turned out to be the most favorable for plant growth. The coconut fiber substrate also turned out to be successful for the growth of the “Favorite” and “Aikerim” rice varieties but was less favorable for the “Yantar” variety. 7. The conceptual foundations of the biotechnological complex for growing rice hydroponically in urban conditions are the possibility and advantages of growing rice hydroponically in urban conditions, the use of innovative automated technologies, conservation of water and land resources, independence of agricultural production from climatic factors and seasons; recycling of production waste; the process of growing plants is stable and controlled. Thanks to this, high productivity, environmental safety of production and food safety, a positive socio-economic effect will be achieved. Personal contribution of the author to the work. The degree candidate herself performed all experimental works. Sadykova S. Sh., a professor from the Department of Architecture of ENU named after L. N. Gumilyov was involved in the implementation of the sketch of the biotechnological complex. Approbation of work. The dissertation materials were presented at international scientific and practical conferences: - “Actual Questions and Innovations in Science II” (Balikasir, Turkey 2019); - “Integration of science, education, and production of an industrial state” (Astana, 2020). Publications. The main content of the dissertation is reflected in 6 published works, of which 1 article was published in a scientific journal included in the Scopus database, 3 articles in republican scientific journals from the list of the Committee for Control in Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2 articles in a collection of international scientific conferences. Publication structure. The dissertation work contains definitions, designations, and abbreviations, an introduction, a literature review, an object and methods of research, a discussion of results, a conclusion, 202 references, and 6 appendices. The research work, consisting of 104 pages, is illustrated with 26 tables, 14 formulas, and illustrated with 27 figures.
Conclusion of the Research Ethics Committee
Defense of the dissertation: https://youtu.be/IAOeZkPoZeg?si=n1vorw9Q2jtvQFR6
