The thesis defense for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) of Yelkenova Botakoz Zeinollaevna on the topic «Ecology, spread features and protection of pine forest of the North and East region of Kazakhstan» in the educational program «8D052 - Ecology and Nature Management» will be held at the NJSC «Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov».
The dissertation was completed at the department «Management and Engineering in the Sphere of Environmental Protection» of the NJSC «Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov».
The language of defense: Kazakh
Official reviewers:
Elikbaev Bakhytzhan Koshkinbaevich - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Industrial Ecology and Chemical Processes, Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K. Satpayev (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Aubakirova Bakhyt Nupbaevna – PhD in Ecology, instructor at the Department of Construction and Environmental Engineering at the School of Engineering and Digital Sciences at Nazarbayev University (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Temporary members of the dissertation council:
Kanaev Ashimkhan Toktasynovich - doctor of biological sciences, professor of the department "Biodiversity and bioresources" of the faculty "Biology and biotechnology" of the Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan)..
Isaeva Akmaral Umirbekovna – Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Director of the Research Institute "Ecology and Biology", Private Institution "Shymkent University" (Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Ignacio Menendez Pidal de Navasquez - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Higher Technical School of Engineers of Roads, Canals and Ports of the Madrid Polytechnic University (Madrid, Spain).
Scientific consultants:
Beisenova Raikhan – Candidate of Biological Sciences, acting Professor of the department «Management and Engineering in the Sphere of Environmental Protection» ENU named after L.N. Gumilyov (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Korolev Alexander - Candidate of Biological Sciences, docent of the Department of «Technosphere and Environmental Safety», Siberian State Automobile and Highway University (Omsk, Russia).
The defense will take place on June 23, 2025, at 03:00 PM in the Dissertation Council for the training direction «8D052 – Environment» in the educational program «8D05208 – Ecology and nature management» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Conducting a meeting of the dissertation council in a mixed (offline and online) format.
Link: https://surl.lu/qlshhj
Address: Astana, st. Kazhymukhan, 13, Educational building No. 3, room. No. 333.
Abstract (English): Description of the research. The dissertation work is aimed at studying the ecology, distribution and protection of pine forests in the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan. Relevance of the dissertation research. The distribution of pine forests on the territory of the republic is uneven, the development of forests and forest fires have reduced their distribution, reserves, and the exact extent of the ecological consequences of these disasters has not been determined to date. Pine forests are overused by farmers, landowners, entrepreneurs, tourists, and large-scale constructions are built in the areas adjacent to pine forests, which are considered the main sources of environmental pollution. The level of fires in coniferous forests in Kazakhstan is very high. The impact of the various factors listed above leads to the annual degradation of pine forests, therefore research works on the basis of ecological monitoring should be carried out in pine forests on a state scale. Kazakhstan became a sovereign country with major changes in the scientific, economic, social and legal spheres. One of the new trends in the economy of Kazakhstan in modern market conditions is the transfer of the use of natural resources from a free to a paid system. The main reason is that environmental pollution and the free use of natural resources lead to various ecological catastrophes. The most urgent problem is the formation of a payment system for the use of forests, including pines, which are the lightest of the planet. With this in mind, guided by the documents for radical economic reform, it is possible to implement it by implementing the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, codes on the use of the main types of natural resources, principles of nature management in accordance with the law on environmental protection. The main goal of preservation and protection of pine forests in Kazakhstan is to ensure their ecological safety, including limiting negative human activity and preventing natural disasters. This goal is realized by the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and legislation on environmental protection. A large number of scientific works related to the implementation of nature protection, including pine forests, have been conducted. Despite the number of scientific works devoted to the distribution of ecological forests in Kazakhstan, data on pine forests in the northern and eastern parts of Kazakhstan is very small. In this regard, the relevance of this thesis is to study the ecology, distribution and protection of pine forests in the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15% by 2030. In 2020, the Government of Kazakhstan, together with the UN Development Program and the international IT company Bitfury, started implementing a project to reduce the "carbon footprint" by preserving forests and increasing their territory. Also, Kazakhstan, as part of the Bonn Conference, adopted in 2018, committed to increase the republic's forest cover to 5% by 2030 (currently 4.9%). Later, on September 1, 2020, the head of state Kassym-Jomart Tokayev made a speech with the aim of large-scale reforestation of the republic, for 5 years, the forest fund was instructed to plant 2 billion trees and 15 million trees in populated areas. Today, there are many reasons for protecting forests. Conservation of forests and their restoration requires joint efforts and decisive actions. In this regard, the relevance of the doctoral thesis lies in the study of ecotopics of pine forests of the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan, the identification of species in the vegetation cover, the creation of their taxonomic system and the morphological analysis of the bioindicative value of pine. Study of the impact of environmental pollution by various man-made ways by determining the amount of heavy metals accumulated in the pine organism. Purpose of the study: Study of ecology, features of distribution and road protection of pine forests of the Northern and Eastern regions of Kazakhstan. Research objectives: 1. Types of vegetation of pine forests of the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan, compilation of comparative ecological characteristics of them. 2. Conduct a systematic examination of plant species in pine forests and compile their taxonomic list. 3. Identification of rare plants in need of protection pine forest cover. 4. To conduct a morphological examination of the bioindication role of the common pine, common in the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan. 5. Assessment of the level of air pollution by the levels of drying and damage to needles. 6. Determination of the taxation characteristics of tree crowns and the bonitet class when assessing the living conditions of pine trees. 7. Study the impact of environmental pollution on different types technogenic ways, determining the amount of heavy metals accumulated in the pine. Objects of the research. The objects of the study were pine forests of the Northern and Eastern regions of Kazakhstan and their vegetation cover. Research methods. Technical method of collecting plants, identification method. Method of studying bioindication, pine crown taxation. Method of studying the impact of environmental pollution by various technogenic means by determining the amount of heavy metals accumulated in the pine organism. Scientific novelty of the research. Relict pine forests of Kazakhstan have undergone significant changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The reduction of forests affects the life of mankind and the biodiversity of plants and animals that live there. If the scale and pace of destruction of pine forests is not stopped, the territory of the republic in the future may turn into steppe massifs. In this regard, the ecological conditions of pine forests of Kazakhstan should be comprehensively studied. In the proposed dissertation, species are determined, a taxonomic examination of pine forest plants common in the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan is carried out. In addition, the bioindicative value of pine was studied. The impact of environmental pollution by various technogenic ways was determined by the amount of accumulation of heavy metals in the pine organism. Practical significance of the research. Pine forests of the northern and eastern regions, taken as an object of study, are of great practical importance in nature and human life. Forests have a direct impact on soil formation, water exchange, accumulation of organic and mineral substances in them, which is the basis for the formation of the biosphere. There is enough moisture in forest areas, so decomposing substances accumulate in its composition, which contribute to the formation of soil at the level of the biosphere by directly affecting its physicochemical composition. Pine forests are places of rest and entertainment, habitats for animals, plant species used in various sectors of the national economy. In addition, on a scientific and theoretical basis for pine forest protection institutions, rare, endangered species in the vegetation cover were identified and substantiated information on the effective use of widespread species was given. Natural landscape studies in this territory were carried out on the basis of the use of land resources, including forests, protection and development of natural landscapes. Despite the fact that many works have been published in various areas in pine forest ecotopes, complex changes in environmental conditions in the environment require new scientific research. The results of the study will improve the quality of the work carried out to reduce the negative impact of pine forests on the environment. The results of the proposed research works are used in lectures, practical classes and independent work of the NAO "Semey" Shakarim University, Higher School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biology in the educational process, the course "Botany" read for undergraduate students, graduate students studying in the scientific and pedagogical specialty "Biology". Research principles recommended for defense: 1. 168 plant species identified in the vegetation of the pine forest of the Irtysh region indicate the xerophytic nature of this region, and 77 plant species identified in the territory of the Borovoe National Park indicate the mesophytic nature of the forest vegetation. 2. In the Irtysh region in the city of Semey and in the territory of the Borovoe National Nature Park, due to the remoteness from sources of air pollution, the annual increment and growth of Scots pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) has decreased, and the preservation period of needles has decreased by 2-3 years. 3. As a result of the studies, it was established that the preservation rate of pine in the territory of the Burabay Scientific and Technical Park and the Semey Ormany Scientific and Technical Park is 51,2-69,5%, according to this indicator, pine forests are assessed as "weakened" or "unstable". It has been proven that the survival rate of pines depends on the diameter, area and size of the tree. 4. In the Irtysh region of Semey and on the territory of the State National Nature Park "Borovoe", in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), a low accumulation of intensively assimilated elements (Cd, Cs) was noted, while elements that are difficult for plants to assimilate (Fe, Ba) and poorly assimilated elements (Mn, Ni) were noted to be highly accumulated in the needles. 5. The study of the composition of heavy metals in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Irtysh region of Semey and on the territory of the Borovoe State National Nature Park showed that they accumulate in the following order of elements: MnAlFeZnBaNiPbCuCrCoCdAs Authors' contribution. The analysis of literary data related to the problem under study, determination of the goals and objectives of the work, conducting field - practical research, processing and analysis of the results, writing the dissertation and registration of the signature were carried out with the personal participation of the author. Approbation of results of research. The results of the research and the main provisions of the dissertation are presented and published in international and republican journals and conferences. Structure and scope of the dissertation: The dissertation consists of an introduction, definitions, designations and abbreviations, a review of the literature, materials and methods, the results of the author's own research, a conclusion, and an appendix. The volume of the dissertation is confirmed by 95 written pages, 12 tables, 23 figures. The dissertation uses 193 references.
Conclusion of the Research Ethics Committee
Defense of the dissertation: https://youtu.be/uwNu4gNwFv4
