Defense of the dissertation of Калдыбекова Айдана Джаркинбековна for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the specialty «8D03106 - Political Science»
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, a dissertation defense for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by Калдыбекова Айдана Джаркинбековна on the topic «The ideological influence of post-truth on public consciousness: international experience and Kazakhstan» to the educational program «8D03106 – Political Science».
The dissertation was carried out at the «Political science education department» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.
The language of defense is kazakh
Official reviewers:
Симтиков Жомарт Кудайбергенович - Head of the Department
Пұсырманов Нұрбек Серікұлы - Head
Temporary members of the Dissertation Committee:
Алтыбасарова Мейрамгуль Армияновна - Candidate of Science, Professor, professor
Нусипова Арайлым Умарходжаевна
Scientific advisors:
Zhanpeiissova Kargash Dalelkhankyzy – Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science at the L.N.Gumilyov ENU. (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan). Specialty: "23.00.02 – Political institutions, ethnopolitical conflictology, national interests and political processes, and technologies" (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Ozbek Sinan – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Professor, Head of the Department of Philosophy at Kocaeli University (Izmit, Republic of Turkey)
The defense will take place on December 01, 2025, at 03:00 PM in the Dissertation Council for the training direction «8D031 – Social sciences» in the specialty «8D03106 – Political Science» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The defense meeting is planned to be held online.
Link: https://us06web.zoom.us/j/8114174324?pwd=dVhvaFdrUm9hRll6eTBsclhybUtvZz09 Идентификатор конференции: 811 4174 324Код доступа: DC9hpA
Address: город Астана, улица К.Сатпаева, 2, учебно-административный корпус № 1 ЕНУ им. Л.Н. Гумилева, аудитория 302.
Abstract (English): ABSTRACT on the dissertation work Kaldybekova Aidana Dzharkinbekovna on the topic «The ideological influence of post-truth on public consciousness: international experience and Kazakhstan», submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the specialty of doctoral student in the specialty «8D03106 -Political Science» Relevance of the research topic. In the 21st century, the phenomenon of post-truth has become an integral part of political and media reality, radically transforming the mechanisms of public opinion formation, the legitimization of power, and the functioning of ideological practices. The term first attracted scholarly and public attention in the context of the United Kingdom’s referendum on leaving the European Union (Brexit) and the 2016 United States presidential election. During this period, the widespread dissemination of false information, emotional manipulation, and subjective interpretations displaced truth, logic, and scientific reasoning, ushering in a new era of managing public consciousness. Initially, the post-truth phenomenon was viewed as a distinctive feature of Western political culture; however, over time it has acquired a global dimension. The rapid development of digital media, the dominance of social networks, and the uncritical perception of information have made Kazakhstan susceptible to this ideological influence. The openness of the digital environment and the uneven level of media literacy have created risks to the country’s information stability. One of the first manifestations of post-truth in Kazakhstan emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was accompanied by an information crisis. During this period, fake news, conspiracy theories, anti-vaccination narratives, and anti-scientific beliefs spread widely among the population, undermining trust in official sources. Such messages were based not on scientific facts or rational evidence but on emotional influence, personal beliefs, and cognitive biases. Exaggerating risks, inciting fear, and promoting false “alternative” treatments became key tools of fake content. This type of information distorted objective reality and contributed to social fragmentation and panic sentiments. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev emphasized in his programmatic article “Independence Above All” (2021): “The modern pandemic and the crisis it provoked have vividly demonstrated that the entire world has faced unprecedented new challenges. Alongside economic, social, ecological, biological, and other risks, negative ideological ‘viruses’ are spreading across the world.” Thus, post-truth is interpreted not only as an informational threat but also as a phenomenon that undermines the value, cognitive, and national-identificational foundations of society. A vivid manifestation of post-truth in Kazakhstan was observed during the events of January 2022, when distorted information and destructive narratives circulated widely in the media space, significantly influencing public opinion. The flow of false reports aimed to undermine trust in the legitimacy of state institutions, destabilize the situation, and emotionally radicalize citizens. The rapid circulation of information and the blending of true and false data hindered timely and effective communication by official bodies. This situation revealed the insufficient preparedness of state institutions to counteract aggressive forms of post-truth. Factual distortions, emotional interpretations, and manipulative content spread faster than official communications, transforming the information space into an arena of ideological confrontation where fake news and provocation became the main instruments of influence. A similar informational dynamic was observed during the spring floods of 2024, when social networks and certain media outlets amplified the scale of the events, disseminated unsubstantiated accusations, and distorted the actions of state bodies. Emotionally charged materials heightened public anxiety and complicated the perception of official information. Fake and biased interpretations undermined public trust and served as tools to discredit state institutions, contributing to social tension and panic sentiments. This once again demonstrated that manipulation and disinformation threaten not only the information environment but also social stability and national security. The systemic nature and ideological danger of post-truth were also reflected in the official statements of the President in January and March 2025. On 28 January 2025, at an expanded Government meeting, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev stated: “We are increasingly encountering disinformation and media attacks aimed at manipulating public opinion, undermining the authority of power, and inciting discord in society… This poses a direct threat to citizens’ security and the stability of the country.” At the March 2025 meeting of the National Kurultai, the issue of regulating the information space was again discussed. It was noted that the spread of false information, offensive statements, and provocative content in social networks negatively affects the resilience of the information environment, undermines public trust, civic harmony, and the culture of communication. All of the above indicates that post-truth in Kazakhstan is not an accidental or externally imported phenomenon, but a systemic one, developing within the domestic informational, ideological, and political context. Accordingly, the relevance of the dissertation research is determined by the following factors: – the need for theoretical understanding of post-truth as a new ideological construct influencing public consciousness; – the research significance of analyzing cognitive, emotional, and informational mechanisms of influence in the digital society; – the importance of conducting a comparative political analysis of Kazakhstan’s manifestations of post-truth in light of international experience; – the recognition of post-truth as a state-level threat, requiring systemic political-scientific reflection; – the absence of comprehensive research on this issue in Kazakhstani political science, necessitating the filling of a scientific gap. Therefore, this dissertation aims not only to bridge the theoretical deficit but also to develop scientifically grounded proposals for strengthening informational resilience, enhancing media security, fostering critical thinking, and countering ideological risks. The work underscores the academic significance of studying the transformation of ideological discourse in the modern information society through the analysis of instruments and structures of public consciousness manipulation. The relevance of the studied phenomenon is thus defined both empirically and theoretically, reflecting its high scientific and practical significance. The above arguments confirm the importance and scholarly value of the dissertation topic. The study examines the phenomenon of post-truth in theoretical, methodological, and applied dimensions, contributes to the development of national political science, and provides a foundation for formulating evidence-based recommendations to counter contemporary informational and ideological challenges. Object of the research – the phenomenon of post-truth, formed under conditions of global transformation of the information environment and acting as a new model of influence on public opinion and consciousness. Subject of the research – the mechanisms of ideological influence of post-truth on public consciousness and the specific features of their manifestation in international practice and in the political space of Kazakhstan. Chronological framework – the period from the theoretical emergence of the post-truth concept to its contemporary manifestations in political-ideological discourse (2016–2025). Research aim – to conduct a political analysis of the ideological influence of the post-truth phenomenon on public consciousness and, drawing on international experience, identify its manifestations in Kazakhstan. Research objectives: 1. To determine the historical and evolutionary stages of the formation of the concept of post-truth, its theoretical foundations, and place in global political discourse; and to develop an author’s definition of key concepts. 2. To classify methodological approaches to the study of ideology in order to identify mechanisms of post-truth influence on public consciousness. 3. To reveal the manifestations of post-truth in the global political space and conduct a comparative analysis of international legal and institutional practices countering this phenomenon. 4. To identify the specific features of post-truth manifestations in Kazakhstan and analyze the national informational, legal, and institutional mechanisms of counteraction. 5. To comprehensively examine the influence of post-truth on public opinion formation and ideological impact in Kazakhstan based on content analysis and sociological survey data. 6. To develop conceptual approaches and institutionally grounded recommendations aimed at ensuring Kazakhstan’s political stability in the post-truth era. Empirical base of the research. The empirical foundation of this study consists of several groups of sources. The first group includes international normative and legal documents such as the UN Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech (June 18, 2019); the UN General Assembly Resolution on Countering Disinformation for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (December 24, 2021); the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation (2018); the Agreement on Cooperation among CIS Member States in Ensuring Information Security (Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 3, 2018, No. 150-VI); and the Agreement among the Governments of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Cooperation in the Field of International Information Security (Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 1, 2010, No. 286-IV). The second group of sources comprises national normative legal acts, strategic documents, and conceptual frameworks, including the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On National Security” (January 6, 2012, No. 527-IV); the Law “On Online Platforms and Online Advertising” (2023); and the Information Doctrine of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved by Presidential Decree No. 145 of March 20, 2023. An important part of the research base also includes materials from library and archival collections, media publications, thematic internet resources, and official websites. Methodology of the research. To achieve the research aim and accomplish its objectives, a set of general scientific and empirical methods was employed. The theoretical framework of the study is based on historical, structural-systemic, and comparative analysis, as well as methods of classification of theories and concepts. The method of comparative political analysis was applied to examine international experience and the Kazakhstani specificity of the post-truth phenomenon. In particular, legal, institutional, and informational practices for countering post-truth were studied in the United States, the United Kingdom, India, Singapore, Australia, and Germany, followed by a comparative assessment of their effectiveness and political particularities. To identify the ideological impact of post-truth on public consciousness, a content analysis of fake news disseminated online was conducted. For the empirical assessment of information perception, trust levels toward political institutions, and public opinion trends in Kazakhstan, a sociological survey was carried out. The obtained empirical data reinforced the validity of theoretical conclusions and enabled the identification of tendencies in public consciousness within the contemporary information environment. Furthermore, to evaluate the information-ideological situation in Kazakhstan under post-truth conditions, a SWOT analysis was performed, allowing for a systematic identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of national information policy. Based on this analysis, strategic recommendations were developed to strengthen the ideological resilience and information security of the state. The comprehensive application of these methods ensured the theoretical depth and practical relevance of the research results. Level of study of the topic. In recent years, the phenomenon of post-truth has demonstrated a steady growth of academic interest, as reflected in the dynamics of publications indexed in the Scopus database. An analysis of publications with the keyword “post-truth” shows that from the mid-2010s to 2025, 1,062 scholarly articles were published. This indicates that the concept of post-truth has become an interdisciplinary research category within such fields as philosophy, political science, media studies, psychology, and sociology. The first significant peak of scholarly interest occurred in 2018, when 121 articles were published. This increase reflected academia’s response to the Brexit referendum (2016) and the U.S. presidential election (2016), after which the term post-truth gained notable socio-political prominence. The highest number of publications was recorded in 2021 (160 articles) and 2023 (170 articles), marking the full institutionalization of the topic and its establishment as a stable field of academic inquiry. In 2024, 135 articles were published, confirming the sustained scholarly relevance of the post-truth phenomenon. Alongside quantitative growth, there has been a clear geographical diversification of research. The largest number of studies originated from the United States (158), the United Kingdom (135), and Spain (125). The activity of academic schools in these countries reflects a commitment to examining the influence of post-truth on information policy, media structures, and public opinion formation. The study of post-truth is characterized not only by the expansion of empirical research but also by growing theoretical depth. Among the most cited works are Steve Fuller’s Post-Truth: Knowledge as a Power Game (672 citations), which conceptualizes post-truth as a strategic contest between knowledge and power, and Matthew D’Ancona’s Post-Truth: The New War on Truth and How to Fight Back (442 citations), which explores the dangers of post-truth in political and media discourse. Other foundational studies contribute to the theoretical framework of post-truth research by examining its epistemological, political, and communicative dimensions. Lee McIntyre’s Post-Truth (2018) interprets the phenomenon as a consequence of the erosion of trust in science and rationality amid political and cultural polarization. Ralph Keyes’s The Post-Truth Era (2004) anticipated the current state of post-truth, analyzing how lies, manipulation, and emotional rhetoric displace objective truth from the public sphere. Jason Harsin’s Post-Truth Politics and Epistemic Populism introduces the concept of “epistemic populism” — a form of distrust toward institutional sources of knowledge that redefines the very nature of truth and legitimacy. Collectively, these works form an interdisciplinary theoretical foundation for understanding post-truth as an ideological and social phenomenon. In recent years, the topic of post-truth has also gained attention within Turkish political science. Analytical data show that Turkish universities have defended four doctoral and fifteen master’s dissertations on this issue. These studies cover a wide range of themes — the interrelation of post-truth and populism, the crisis of trust, political communication in new media, migration discourse, the Trump phenomenon, and local governance narratives — reflecting an effort to interpret post-truth within specific socio-political contexts. In contrast, only one dissertation has been registered in Russia — the candidate dissertation of Yuri Kolotaev (2024) titled “Post-Truth Politics and Digital Information Influence in International Relations: Theoretical Conceptualization of Threats and Countermeasures.” This work examines ideological risks and mechanisms for countering post-truth in the field of international relations, indicating that the phenomenon remains underexplored in Russian political science. In Kazakhstan, the post-truth phenomenon has not yet become the subject of systematic political analysis. Although several dissertations address related themes such as information policy, information security, patriotism formation, public opinion, and political communication, none of them treat post-truth as an independent political-ideological category. Works by A. Sarsenbayev (on transitional information policy) and D. Medeuova (on media influence in the globalized political process) focus primarily on media–power relations. Zh. Pukhovich and Zh. Kenzhalin study the role of mass media in shaping patriotism, while S. Bokaev explores the impact of political technologies on public opinion and electoral behavior. A. Akshulakova, R. Berdibayev, and N. Gabdyzhamalov address information security threats and prevention measures. While these works touch upon certain elements of post-truth, there are no dissertations specifically devoted to its ideological role in modern political discourse and its influence on public consciousness. Nevertheless, initial academic attempts to conceptualize the issue have appeared in Kazakhstan in the form of journal publications by scholars such as G. Yesimova, G. Ashirbekova, G.K. Yertasova, and Z. Yermaganbetova, who examined the characteristics of the media space in the post-truth era and the effects of anti-intellectualism and populism on informational discourse. These publications demonstrate growing academic interest and lay the groundwork for future systematic research. Thus, the scope of targeted studies on post-truth in Kazakhstan remains limited. Considering this fact, the present dissertation constitutes the first comprehensive political-scientific study that conceptualizes post-truth as a factor of ideological influence on public consciousness and political discourse in Kazakhstan. Scientific novelty of the research: – A comprehensive analysis of various scholarly interpretations of the concept and phenomenon of post-truth has been conducted, enabling the identification of its historical and theoretical foundations in an evolutionary-chronological sequence. – For the first time at the political-scientific level, ideological, emotional, and cognitive-psychological mechanisms of post-truth’s influence on public consciousness have been systematically structured. – Based on comparative analysis of international experience, effective forms and methods of regulating manifestations of post-truth have been determined. – The manifestations of post-truth in Kazakhstan (using the cases of COVID-19, the January 2022 events, etc.) have been comprehensively studied for the first time within a political-scientific framework, revealing the specific features of its functioning in the national informational and ideological space. – Using empirical data, the study evaluates the influence of post-truth on public opinion in Kazakhstan and identifies key causes of the crisis of trust and information perception patterns. – Through SWOT analysis, political-strategic approaches and institutional mechanisms for countering post-truth have been systematized, and conceptual recommendations have been developed to strengthen Kazakhstan’s information security and ideological resilience. Scientific hypothesis. The phenomenon of post-truth in Kazakhstan is emerging as a new instrument of ideological influence under conditions of information space transformation and declining trust in traditional information sources. Within political discourse, it serves as a means of influencing public consciousness not through rational argumentation, but through emotions, beliefs, and cognitive distortions. Post-truth transforms political communication, diminishes the significance of objective data, and contributes to the construction of an alternative reality advantageous to specific political actors. Theoretical and practical significance. This study makes a substantial contribution to the development of the theoretical foundations of political science by expanding the understanding of the post-truth phenomenon. The systematic analysis of the historical and evolutionary development of post-truth and its role in both global and national political discourse can stimulate new research directions within Kazakhstani political science. The theoretical and empirical materials presented in the dissertation allow for an assessment of the current state of post-truth, its influence on public consciousness, political stability, and information security, as well as the anticipation of potential risks and challenges. The research results can be used in educational programs and teaching materials in the fields of political science, information security, media, and ideological influence. Furthermore, the conclusions and practical recommendations possess applied value for improving state information policy and developing strategies to counter the post-truth phenomenon. Main provisions submitted for defense: 1. The concept of post-truth represents a phenomenon that, having undergone a historical and philosophical evolution from antiquity through the eras of postmodernism and the information society, has emerged as a distinct ideological construct in contemporary political discourse. This phenomenon is characterized by the blurring of boundaries between truth and falsehood, fact and belief, rationality and emotion. In the post-truth era, subjective convictions, emotional impact, and rhetorical constructions become the primary tools for shaping public opinion and political decision-making. Post-truth is not merely a form of informational manipulation or the dissemination of false data but a complex ideological phenomenon closely connected to mechanisms of power, emotional perception, cognitive processes, and systems of belief. 2. Ideological influence on public consciousness in the post-truth era operates through cognitive, communicative, informational, and emotional-symbolic mechanisms. These include confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance, framing, narrative construction, deepfake technologies, algorithmic manipulation, and group identity formation. Such mechanisms not only distort reality but also redefine it. Emotions such as fear, anger, empathy, and pride weaken critical perception and enhance subjective interpretation of information. Consequently, ideology functions not only as content but also as a structural force disseminated through media and emotional imagery—aimed at manipulating public opinion, undermining the authority of power, inciting division, and intensifying social polarization. 3. At the global level, the post-truth phenomenon has become a powerful tool for manipulating public opinion through false information, emotional rhetoric, and social media algorithms. The U.S. presidential elections (Trump) and the Brexit referendum demonstrated how emotion- and belief-based communication can negatively affect democratic processes. In response, the UN, the European Union, and national governments introduced measures to enhance media literacy, regulate online platforms, and combat disinformation. However, the effectiveness of these measures remains uneven, underscoring the need for a comprehensive approach and the cultivation of public immunity to post-truth. 4. In Kazakhstan, the post-truth phenomenon has been vividly manifested during crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the January 2022 events, rumors surrounding the construction of a nuclear power plant, false referendum narratives, and the information vacuum during natural disasters. The spread of disinformation in these contexts undermined trust in state institutions and raised doubts about governance efficiency. These processes introduced new challenges for national security and information policy, highlighting the need to improve legal and institutional mechanisms. Despite the adoption of relevant laws and strategic documents, long-term priorities must include the development of media literacy, the formation of informational immunity, and support for independent media. 5. Post-truth has become a key factor in shaping public opinion in Kazakhstan. During the COVID-19 pandemic, fake news spread through social media deepened mistrust in government institutions and increased social polarization. A content analysis of 394 false news items debunked by Factcheck.kz and Stopfake.kz revealed that most were political in nature and significantly influenced citizens’ decision-making. According to a 2024 online survey, citizens tend to rely not on official sources but on emotions, social circles, and opinions of informal leaders when forming judgments. This highlights the strategic necessity of advancing media literacy, informational immunity, and scientifically grounded information policy in Kazakhstan. 6. The main threats to Kazakhstan’s political and ideological stability in the post-truth context include the weakening of informational sovereignty, the large-scale spread of false information, low levels of media literacy, and the erosion of trust in expert knowledge. To counter these risks, strategically important tasks include strengthening national information policy, systematically integrating media literacy into educational curricula, expanding international cooperation, and fostering civic engagement. Research base.The dissertation was carried out at the Department of Political Science of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Approbation of research results. The main scientific results and conclusions of the dissertation have been presented in seven publications in domestic and international academic outlets, as well as in proceedings of international theoretical and practical conferences. These include three articles published in journals approved by the Committee for Quality Assurance in Science and Higher Education of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, two papers in international conference proceedings, and two articles indexed in the Scopus database. 1. Problematic of ideological formation in Kazakhstan: three-dimensional practice of the Muftiate as an ideological state apparatus (an Althusserian analysis) // International Journal of Law and Management, Vol. 64 No. 3, pp. 273-291. 2. Approaches to the Perceptions of Kazakhstani Citizens on the Effects of Fake News on Vaccine Hesitancy // Studies in Media and Communication. – 2025. – Vol. 13, No. 3., pp. 103-110 3. «Пост-шындық» («Post-truth»), медиа және саясат // Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы ЕҰУ Хабаршысы. Саяси ғылымдар, Аймақтану, Шығыстану, Түркітану сериясы. № 1 (130)/2020, pp. 145-153 4. Пост-шындық (post-truth) және Ханна Арендттің саясаттағы ақиқат пен жалған туралы саяси ойлары // «Қоғам және Дәуір» ғылыми-сараптамалық журналы. Том 72 № 4/2021, pp. 64-74 5. «Пост-шындық, популизм және жаңа медиа арсындағы байланыс» // «Қоғам және Дәуір» ғылыми-сараптамалық журналы. Том 81 №2/2024., pp. 42-54 6. Қазақстандағы пост-шындық феномені: короновирус және жалған ақпараттар (саясаттанулық талдау) Қазақстандық қоғамның әлеуметтік-саяси модернизациясы: перспективалар мен сын-қатерлер Халықаралық ғылыми-практикалық конференция материалдары, 5 мамыр 2020 ж./ Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы ЕҰУ. Нұр-Сұлтан, 2020, pp. 108-115 7. Пост-шындық (post-truth) ұғымынын ғылыми негіздеудің кейбір мәселелері // Студенттер мен жас ғалымдардың «ǴYLYM JÁNE BILIM – 2020» XV Халықаралық ғылыми конференциясының баяндамалар жинағы, Нұр-Сұлтан, 2020, pp. 7085-7087 Structure of the dissertation. The structure of the dissertation corresponds to its objectives and research tasks and includes: normative references, a list of abbreviations, an introduction, three chapters (each comprising two subsections), a conclusion, a list of references, and appendices.
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