Defense of the dissertation of Pernebekova Aizhan for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the specialty «6D050400 - Журналистика»
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, a dissertation defense for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by Pernebekova Aizhan on the topic «Issues of Information Security in Kazakhstan's Media Space: Current State and Prospects» by specialty «6D050400 – Журналистика».
The dissertation was carried out at the «Journalism & Media Art education department» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.
The language of defense is kazakh
Official reviewers:
Yesenbek Zhumagali Beisenbaiuly – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Member of the Board and Vice-Rector for Science, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University (Oskemen, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Akynbekova Altyn Bakashovna – Associate Professor, Department of Press and Electronic Media, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Temporary members of the Dissertation Council:
Yessenbekova Ulbosyn Meiyirbekkyzy – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Media Communications and Public Relations, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Slamgazhy Ainur – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Associate Professor at Astana IT University (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Nusipova Arailym Umarkhodzhaevna – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Sciences, Faculty of General Construction, International Educational Corporation (KazGASA). (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Scientific advisors:
Omashev Namazaly – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan).
Аydemir Okay – Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Professor at Istanbul University (Istanbul, Turkey).
The defense will take place on August 22, 2026, at 02:00 PM in the Dissertation Council for the training direction «8D032 – Journalism and information» in the specialty «6D050400 – Журналистика» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The defense meeting is planned to be held online.
Link: https://teams.microsoft.com/meet/41905226375299?p=GuA5pyPOPc41c62XDU
Address: г. Астана, ул. К.Сатпаева, 2, Учебно-административный корпус №1 ЕНУ им. Л.Н. Гумилева, аудитория 206.
Abstract (English): General characteristics of the work. The dissertation is devoted to the study of information security problems in Kazakhstan's media space (disinformation, cyberattacks, propaganda, factors of external information influence, and others). In the course of the research, the theoretical, legal, and practical foundations of information security in Kazakhstan's media space were comprehensively examined. In addition, an analysis was conducted of the directions of development of information security and the risks present in the media space. The role of mass media and social media in ensuring information security, as well as international experience in this field, was studied. Media monitoring of Kazakhstan's leading mass media outlets was conducted, and the thematic directions of information security issues and their place in public discourse were identified. Domestic media resources that had been subjected to cyberattacks were analyzed using the case study method. Based on the results of the research, scientifically grounded recommendations were developed for ensuring information security in Kazakhstan's media space. Relevance of the research topic. Under conditions of contemporary globalization, the rapid development of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the structure of the information space. This process has intensified the spread of false information in society, external information influence, manipulative technologies on social networks, and cyber threats. As a result, the importance of information security in the media space has grown, and ensuring it effectively has become a pressing issue for countries around the world. This is because information security directly affects a country's national identity and socio-political stability. In addition, information security is acquiring strategic significance in all spheres of society. Kazakhstan's media space has likewise entered a similarly complex period. This was addressed by the Head of State K.-Zh. Tokayev in his 2025 Address to the People of Kazakhstan, entitled "Kazakhstan in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Pressing Issues and Their Solution Through Profound Digital Transformation." The President characterizes the current period as a new historical era, in which instability in international relations, a complex geopolitical situation, armed conflicts, and technological changes are unfolding simultaneously. The Head of State notes that the rapid development of global digitalization and artificial intelligence is not only raising social relations to a new level but is also changing the worldview, behavior, and perception of national values among young people. This is because information security is not limited to technical and political-legal aspects alone. Above all, it affects the formation of national consciousness and social stability. In this regard, scholar Namazaly Omashuly, in his work "The World of Information," notes that the free circulation of information under conditions of globalization brings states not only new opportunities but also significant challenges. The dependence of a national information space on external influence can quite possibly pose a threat to the country's sovereignty. Therefore, the scholar regards ensuring the stability of the national information space as one of the important conditions for preserving statehood. These conclusions demonstrate the need for comprehensive scientific research into the problem of information security in the country from the standpoint of journalism. In other words, the relevance of the topic is reflected through several factors: first, it is necessary to systematically study the scientific foundations and practical application of information security in the media space. This makes it possible to determine the conceptual and methodological foundations for studying information security in Kazakhstan's media space; second, since gaining independence, the country has been laying the groundwork for forming a system of information security. To date, a certain amount of experience has been accumulated, and relevant political and legal documents have been adopted. Therefore, a documentary analysis of the legislation in this area is required; third, based on an analysis of models of organizing information security that have developed in international practice, it is necessary to scientifically justify the possibilities of applying them in our country; fourth, by studying the directions of development of information security in the media space, it is necessary to identify risks and assess their level, since it is impossible to improve the effectiveness of the information security system without taking such risks into account; fifth, for more than a decade, no dissertation research on this topic has been conducted in the country within the field of journalism. Given the timeframes for updating scientific work, a scientific analysis of the current state and prospects of the problem of information security in the media space is timely. These issues confirm the relevance and scientific value of the dissertation topic. Therefore, as a continuation of previously conducted scientific research, the dissertation is devoted to a comprehensive study of the current state, development trends, and risks of information security in the media space. Object of the research. Problems of information security in Kazakhstan's media space (mass media, internet resources, and social media platforms) and the system for ensuring it. Subject of the research. Threats and risks to information security in Kazakhstan's media space, and the mechanisms for ensuring information security and legal regulation. Chronological scope of the research. The research covers the period from 2020 to 2025. Purpose of the research. To conduct a scientific analysis, from the standpoint of journalism, of the current state and prospects of information security problems in Kazakhstan's media space. Objectives of the research. Based on the purpose of the research, the following objectives were identified: 1. To analyze the scientific theories and concepts concerning information security in the media space that have developed in various fields of science, and to substantiate the advantages of foreign models of ensuring information security by examining them. 2. To conduct a documentary analysis of state strategies and the legislative framework in the field of organizing and regulating information security in the Republic of Kazakhstan since the period of independence. 3. To study the global models and mechanisms of information security policy that have developed in international practice, the ways in which they are organized, to analyze the experience and achievements of individual states, and to examine the possibilities of applying them in Kazakhstan. 4. To investigate the level of information attacks and manipulations in Kazakhstan's media space, and to analyze the mechanisms of counteraction and the possibilities of limiting them based on specific cases. 5. To determine the level of information security in domestic media under conditions of digital transformation, drawing on the opinions of expert specialists, and to draw conclusions based on empirical research. 6. To identify directions for the development of information security in domestic mass media, and to develop scientific conclusions and recommendations based on the research findings. Research methods and ethical principles. In the theoretical section of the research, methods of scientific literature review, as well as historical, comparative, political-legal, and documentary analysis, were used as the basis. In the empirical section, methods of media monitoring, content analysis, case study, in-depth expert interviews, focus groups, and SWOT analysis were applied. For example, institutional and structural-functional methods were used in analyzing the system for ensuring information security. In-depth expert interviews and focus groups were organized in order to study the current state of information security in the media space of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to identify problems and directions of development. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured format. Questions were prepared in advance based on theoretical propositions and empirical data. Responses were recorded in written, audio, and video format. The previously unpublished opinions and collected responses of the experts were systematized using qualitative content analysis. The analysis also drew on their professional experience and expert assessments. A total of 15 experts took part in the in-depth expert interviews. Snowball sampling was used to select the experts participating in the interviews. In addition, focus groups were held twice with the aim of identifying information security problems in regional mass media. Experienced journalists and media experts from the Northern (Pavlodar), Southern (Almaty, Kyzylorda, Shymkent, Taraz), Western (Atyrau), Eastern (Semey), and Central (Karaganda) regions took part. Video recording was carried out via the Zoom platform. All necessary ethical requirements were observed during the interviews. Prior to each interview, respondents were informed of the purpose of the research, the procedure for using the information obtained, and the conditions of audio and video recording. In addition, when using the Zoom platform, the principles of digital security and confidentiality of participants were observed. Furthermore, in order to assess how the problem of information security is reflected in domestic media, monitoring was carried out on 35 mass media outlets. For the purposes of the research, however, the following were selected: the national television channel "Qazaqstan," the "24KZ" channel (the program "AnykTime"), the "Atameken Business" channel (the program "AntiFake"), the "QazAqparat" information agency, the republican newspaper "Egemen Qazaqstan," and the online news portal "Tengrinews." The selection took into account the type of media, the scale of the audience, and the ownership form of the outlet. Regular coverage of information security issues was one of the main selection criteria. A total of 105 information items were selected and compiled from these mass media outlets for the study. A quantitative content analysis method was applied to determine the thematic characteristics of the information, the frequency of publication, and the main trends in the media. To identify the problem of cyberattacks in Kazakhstan's media space, the "UlysMedia" information portal, the "Orda.kz" information and analytical portal, and the website of Radio Azattyk were analyzed using the case study method. Content analysis of the Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Telegram channels was conducted in order to identify the impact of manipulative information on social media on national consciousness, the implementation of manipulative technologies (disinformation, propaganda, and others), and issues of forming media immunity. It then became necessary to identify the information security problems that arise in the media space during states of emergency and crisis in the country. For this purpose, case analysis was conducted of the January events, the information campaign during the republican referendum on the nuclear power plant issue, and the flooding situations. Based on the results of this research, a SWOT analysis method was applied to comprehensively assess the development opportunities and risks of the information security system in the media space. Data sources of the research. The complex of sources for the research includes theoretical works, regulatory documents, media materials, results of empirical research, analytical reports, and statistical data. The theoretical sources examined include domestic and foreign scholarly works, monographs, dissertations, and scientific articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. In the fields of information security, communication, and media communication, the works of foreign researchers B. Buzan, O. Waever, H.D. Lasswell, J. Nye, M. McLuhan, M. Castells, W. Lippmann, M. McCombs, and E. Goffman were used. In studying problems of information security in the media space, the works of foreign scholars Ye.P. Prokhorov, A.A. Streltsov, M.A. Sizmin, and N.N. Dovnar, as well as domestic scholars N.O. Omashev, A.S. Sarsenbayev, R.A. Nurtazina, B.Zh. Omarov, K.O. Sak, O.I. Turzhan, R.Sh. Berdibayev, A.U. Nusipova, G.S. Sultanbayeva, A.A. Beisenkulov, U.M. Yesenbekova, G.Sh. Ashirbekova, G.M. Akseiyt, K.N. Mysayeva, Ye. Kapkyzy, A. Slamgazhy, A.Zh. Kaldybekova, K.D. Zhanpeissova, M.K. Dyusembekova, and A.A. Morozov formed the basis. The documentary sources include regulatory and legal documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan, state strategic programs, concepts, and documents of international organizations. These include the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan as it relates to information security, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Informatization" No. 418-V dated November 24, 2015, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the National Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan" No. 527-IV dated January 6, 2012, the technical regulation "General Requirements for Telecommunications Equipment for Conducting Operational-Search Activities and for the Collection and Storage of Service Information about Subscribers", the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Mass Media", the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan , the Information Security Doctrine of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 174 dated November 14, 2011, "On the Concept of Information Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2016" , the Concept of Foreign Policy, the Declaration of the NATO Wales Summit, the statement of the heads of the SCO member states on international information security in Shanghai, and legislative and regulatory documents such as the Tashkent Pact of the heads of the Collective Security Treaty Organization member states [14], as well as information security concepts, decrees, and articles and speeches of heads of state. In addition, the sources include the speech of President K.-Zh. Tokayev at the plenary session of the Mazhilis of Parliament on January 11, 2022, and the Address to the People of Kazakhstan "A Just State. A United Nation. A Prosperous Society," published on September 1, 2022, along with related reforms and regulatory documents. Statistical compilations and analytical materials, as well as sociological research materials closely related to these documents, were used in analyzing the state's level of ensuring information security. In addition, international media reports, reports and analyses by cybersecurity companies and the organization "Reporters Without Borders," and research by internationally renowned journalism centers were used. The empirical sources include media monitoring materials (the "Qazaqstan" national channel, "24KZ" [the "AnykTime" program], "Atameken Business" [the "AntiFake" program], the "QazAqparat" information agency, the "Egemen Qazaqstan" newspaper, and the "Tengrinews" online news portal), as well as the results of content analysis, in-depth expert interviews, and focus groups. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the research. The theoretical and methodological foundation of the research is formed by the scientific concepts of domestic and foreign scholars in the fields of information society, media communication, national security, information security, journalism, and mass communication, as well as theories of media literacy, information influence, propaganda, and disinformation. In the course of the research, theories of communication and media, as well as cybersecurity theories, were used as a basis. The foundations of security theory were originally equated with the military defense of the state in the field of international relations, and following the collapse of Soviet power, its comprehensive study developed actively in academic circles. Representatives of the Copenhagen School (Denmark), who proposed securitization theory, B. Buzan, O. Waever, and Jaap de Wilde, identified five sectors of security. They divided security into military, political, economic, societal, and environmental security, placing particular emphasis on political security. Information security is likewise studied comprehensively within domestic political science. This research draws on the theory of the Copenhagen School as its basis, analyzing political security from the standpoint of the influence of information in the media space. One of the scholars who laid the theoretical foundations of information security is the American political scientist and representative of international relations theory J.S. Nye, who demonstrated that the concept of "soft power" plays an important role in winning over public consciousness. In the global information age, power resides in information. Modern information technologies are disseminating information on a scale never seen before in history. From the standpoint of information security, the scholar places particular emphasis on trust and strategies of influence. The excess of information has intensified competition for audience attention. The producer of information holds no power; power passes instead to the "editors" and "gatekeepers" who are able to select what is most important from that information and direct people's attention accordingly. Furthermore, although information security is a matter of technical protection, it is regarded above all as a strategy of trust and information influence. Nye suggests that states should not rely solely on "hard power" but should instead build authority and openness within the information space. The scholar has studied the role of information, culture, and ideology as instruments of geopolitical influence. Having introduced the concept of "information power" into scholarly usage, he characterizes the information space as "a new arena of geopolitical competition". In the first half of the twentieth century, H.D. Lasswell, one of the founders of communication theory and mass media theory and an American political scientist, introduced the "transmission model of communication," which laid the groundwork for identifying the influence of the theory of Joseph Nye discussed above [19]. His classic formula, "Who says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect?", describes the communication process between the sender and the receiver of information. This formula served as the theoretical foundation for studying the direct and indirect effects of mass media on audiences. The American scholars Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver, who examined communication theory from a mathematical standpoint, identified five basic elements of an information transmission system: information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. They discuss noise as a random factor that reduces the quality of information, that is, threats aimed at distorting or destroying information [20]. In this research, the scholars provided scientific proof of the problem of data integrity, that is, the security ensuring that a message arrives in its original form. The works of the internationally renowned researchers and thinkers in media theory, media communication, sociology, and political science, Marshall McLuhan, Manuel Castells, and Walter Lippmann, served as key sources in analyzing the capabilities of contemporary digital media and the influence of information on public consciousness. The agenda-setting theory of American communication and media studies scholar Maxwell McCombs, the framing theory of the Canadian-American sociologist and specialist in social interaction and communication theory Erving Goffman, and Ye.P. Prokhorov's concept of "mass media and audience" were also used in the analysis and formulation of conclusions. In studying problems of information security in the media space, the theoretical propositions and research methodology in the works of Ye.P. Prokhorov, "Ensuring Information Security in the Activities of Mass Media" (2009) and "Introduction to the Theory of Journalism" (2011), as well as the works of A.A. Streltsov (2005), M.A. Sizmin (2016), and N.N. Dovnar (2019), served as the foundation. Degree of scholarly development of the topic. Since the topic of information security is multidisciplinary in nature, it is studied across various fields. In writing this dissertation, the works of scholars in political science, sociology, psychology, philosophy, communication, and media, who have examined the problem of information security, were comparatively analyzed. The works of N. Wiener and C. Shannon (cybernetic theory), who studied communication theory, as well as those of L.M. Zemlyanova, Yu.A. Nisnevich, G.G. Pocheptsov, A.I. Solovyov, and L.N. Timofeyev (political communication theory), and the sociologically oriented works of M.G. Andreyeva, M.A. Vasilik, V.P. Konetskaya, N. Luhmann, A. Touraine, L.N. Fedotova, and J. Habermas, are highly regarded in the scholarly community. Among the authors who have studied problems of information security from a socio-philosophical perspective, the works of L.V. Astakhova, G.A. Atamanov, M.Yu. Zakharov, A.V. Polikarpov, and V.Yu. Trinyak stand out in particular. These studies reveal the general methodological foundations of the process of information security and the role of the information environment as a system-forming factor in the life of society. They also examine ways of using the information sphere as an instrument for accomplishing socio-political tasks. Among domestic researchers in the field of media communication, the scientific works of N.O. Omashev, A.S. Sarsenbayev, R.A. Nurtazina, B.Zh. Omarov, K.O. Sak, O.I. Turzhan, R.Sh. Berdibayev, A.U. Nusipova, Zh.K. Simtikov, G.S. Sultanbayeva, A.A. Beisenkulov, U.M. Yesenbekova, G.Sh. Ashirbekova, G.M. Akseiyt, K.N. Mysayeva, Ye. Kapkyzy, A. Slamgazhy, A.Zh. Kaldybekova, K.D. Zhanpeissova, M.K. Dyusembekova, and A.A. Morozov provided guidance for studying this topic and made it possible to draw on their conclusions. Within the development of domestic scholarship, the problem of information security in the media space became a topic of relevance beginning in 2010. However, during the years following independence, issues affecting the country's national identity were frequently discussed in the press. For example, in the Kazakh press of the 1990s, the main topics were independence, the territorial integrity of Kazakhstan, language policy, sovereignty, matters concerning the Cossacks, ways of renewing society, and the question of Kazakhs returning to their historical homeland [21]. Overall, the events and processes that directly threatened Kazakhstan's information security in the early years of independence mainly occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The information threats of that period were linked to an ideological vacuum, economic crisis, and the openness of the information space. Today, in connection with the widespread proliferation of social networks, even greater attention is being paid to the problem of information security than before. In other words, the problem of information security demands an exceptionally high level of intellectual capacity on the part of the state. Beginning in the 2000s, domestic scholars A.S. Sarsenbayev, R.A. Nurtazina, and R.Sh. Berdibayev published scientific research analyzing information security from a political standpoint. In addition, starting in 2019, researchers studying the problem of information security began to examine issues of disinformation, information attacks, manipulation, cyberattacks, and information warfare. This was because, in 2019, when the COVID-19 pandemic began worldwide, instances of the spread of false information occurred even in official mass media. These issues revealed a lack of experience in the field of information security. For the most part, researchers had previously studied the country's information security from a political and legal standpoint; later, research began on the impact of information on public consciousness. In this regard, it is worth noting that scholar N.O. Omashev's work "The World of Information" also offers valuable insights concerning the ideological dimension of information security. In 2022-2025, the problem of information security in the media space has been further enriched by research related to digital and media literacy, cyber threats, disinformation, and manipulation. This study also examines articles by the aforementioned scholars published in peer-reviewed international scientific journals. In addition, the monograph by G.S. Sultanbayeva and A.Sh. Burkitbayeva, "Indicators of False Information and Disinformation in Kazakhstan" (2025), which examines the algorithms of disinformation dissemination, as well as the popular science article by A.A. Beisenkulov, "Digital Changes Giving Impetus to Consciousness," published in the newspaper "Qazaq adebieti," were used in formulating the conclusions of this research. Scientific novelty of the research. The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is reflected in the results of a comprehensive study, from the standpoint of journalism, of information security in Kazakhstan's media space; the development of theoretical and methodological propositions; the systematization of the results of empirical research; the analysis of information security risks; the identification of the features of its development; and the proposal of mechanisms for improvement. The following new scientific results were obtained in the course of the research: a comprehensive study was conducted of the scientific propositions currently established regarding information security in the media space, resulting in an original author's definition; the legislative and legal framework for the organization and regulation of information security in Kazakhstan's media space, along with state documents from the years of independence, were systematically studied. As a result, it was established that a unified national strategy or a long-term state program for forming media literacy, encompassing all age groups of the population, is necessary; the global models and operating mechanisms of information security services established in international practice were studied, and an original analysis of the possibilities of applying them in Kazakhstan was conducted; a case analysis was conducted of political events and states of emergency that have occurred in the country in recent times, media materials were monitored, and, for the first time, a comprehensive study was conducted of information manipulations and threats on social media; the level of information security amid the digital transformation of domestic media was determined based on empirical analysis, that is, on the basis of the results of in-depth expert interviews and focus groups; recommendations were developed on the possibilities of preventing threats and the prospects for ensuring information security in the media space of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Scientific hypothesis of the research. Ensuring information security in Kazakhstan's media space is directly dependent on the effectiveness of legal regulation, state information policy, the professional activity of journalism, and the level of media literacy of the population. The comprehensive development of these areas enhances the stability of the national information space. It also makes it possible to reduce the impact of information threats arising under conditions of globalization. Main statements submitted for defense: 1. Information security in the media space is not limited to protecting technical infrastructure alone. It is regarded as an object of multidisciplinary research encompassing political, legal, communicative, psychological, and media-related aspects. For this reason, the research puts forward an original author's definition encompassing the content, functions, and main constituent elements of the concept of information security in the media sphere. The foundation of information security in the media space lies in adherence to journalistic ethics and professional standards, editorial independence, and the media and digital literacy of the audience. Scientific research in this direction needs to be strengthened. 2. In the course of analyzing the legal and legislative documents relating to ensuring information security in Kazakhstan's media space, it was established that ensuring it solely through legal and technical restrictions or through the regulation of media platforms is insufficient. Raising the level of society's media literacy is proposed as the most effective mechanism for ensuring information security. Based on this conclusion, it is recommended that the Republic of Kazakhstan implement a program for the continuous, lifelong development of the population's media and information literacy, beginning at the preschool level, in order to strengthen the country's information security. 3. In analyzing the technologies used to ensure information security in the media space, it was established that DDoS attacks, phishing, and social engineering are used as strategic tools aimed at restricting editorial policy and freedom of speech. The research revealed the vulnerability of domestic media's technical infrastructure and the insufficiency of cyber defense resources, both financial and human. Therefore, measures of state support need to be implemented to ensure information security in the media space. Establishing a national "Media-CERT" (Media Computer Emergency Response Team) center would be an effective way to protect media from cyber threats. It is also recommended that the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Mass Media" be amended to introduce specific mechanisms for the technical and legal protection of media outlets that have been subjected to cyberattacks. 4. In studying the impact of manipulative information on social media on national consciousness, the destructive nature of the concept of a "unified information environment" (social networks, mass media, messengers, online platforms) was analyzed. Scientific propositions were compiled regarding the influence of global platforms' algorithmic systems and the geopolitical situation on the information environment. The process of manipulative technology, ranging from framing to narrative reinforcement, limits a person's capacity for critical thinking and analysis. Therefore, in order to build cognitive immunity, it is necessary to introduce the disciplines "Media Criticism" and "Cyber Hygiene" as mandatory components in higher education institutions. It is important to further develop the domestic KazLLM project (the first national large-scale language model for building AI systems) and to ensure that it is supplied with data grounded in national values and historical accuracy. 5. At present, protecting Kazakhstan's media space from internally and externally instigated provocative information, fake news, and cyberattacks is a pressing problem. To address this, it is important to improve the ideology of national identity, stability, and security through state information policy and state information orders. Full access to state television and radio broadcasting needs to be ensured in border regions. Disseminating reliable information through domestic mass media, and raising media literacy and information culture, also strengthen society's level of self-protection. In other words, it is recommended that comprehensive and strategic work be carried out with regard to informational content in the media space. It is likewise important for media editorial offices to have specialists who continuously study information security issues and are well-versed in the procedures for disseminating information during states of emergency. 6. Recommendations related to ensuring information security in the domestic media space should be based on international experience. The opinions of domestic experts engaged in research in this field, along with the current problems and potential risks arising in the directions of development, need to be taken into account. All of this directly affects the current state of the domestic information space, its capacity to counter global challenges, and its level of competitiveness. Theoretical and practical significance of the research. The results of the research systematize the theoretical foundations of information security problems in the media space and enhance the scientific and methodological content in the fields of journalism and media communication. The research materials can be used in scholarly work on the topic of information security in media, as well as in journalism courses offered at higher education institutions. With a view to applying the research results in the educational process, the elective course "Information Security in Mass Media" was introduced into the "6B03204-Journalism" educational program in 2020. In 2026, the course "Information Security in the Media Space" is being introduced into the "6B03205-Digital Media Management" educational program. In addition, the research results can be used in developing state programs in the field of information security and in organizing special courses for students and master's degree candidates in journalism, political science, sociology, and other related specialties. Discussion and implementation of the research results. The dissertation was discussed at an extended meeting of the Department of Journalism and Media Art of the Higher School of Journalism and Social Sciences at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and was recommended for defense. On the topic of the dissertation, 1 article was published in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, 2 articles in foreign journals with an impact factor, 4 articles in journals recommended by the Committee for Quality Assurance in Science and Higher Education of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and 5 articles in the proceedings of international and republican scientific conferences. One scientific article was included in an encyclopedia published by the London-based publisher «Brig (Brig Academics)». Structure of the dissertation. The work submitted for defense includes regulatory references, a list of designations and abbreviations, definitions, an introduction, the main body, a conclusion, a list of references used, and appendices.. The first section analyzes the scientific-theoretical and conceptual foundations of information security, its interrelation with the media space, its role in communication processes, and the legal documents relating to ensuring information security. The second section examines the destructive consequences of cyberattacks in the media space, the impact of manipulative information on social media on national consciousness, manipulative technologies (disinformation, propaganda, false information, and others), and ways of forming media immunity. The empirical section of the research identifies the main problems related to information security and proposes ways and possibilities for addressing them.
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