Defense of the dissertation of Zharassov Shyngys for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the specialty «8D07329 - Construction»

L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, a dissertation defense for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by Zharassov Shyngys on the topic «Sensor based investigation of the relationship between internal and external factors influencing the concrete strength gain» in the field of «8D07329 - Construction».

The dissertation was carried out at the «Construction» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.

The language of defense is english

Official reviewers:

Nuguzhinov Zhmagul Smagulovich - Director of Research, Expertise, Design and Survey «Kazakh multidisciplinary reconstruction and development institute» (KazMIRD), Doctor of Technical Sciences in specialties «Theory of Structures» (05.23.01), «Building structures of building and constructions» (05.23.17), Professor, corresponding member of the National Engineering Academy of RK (Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan).

Montayev Sarsenbek Aliakbarovich - Director of Industrial-Technological Institute of West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University named after Zhangir Khan, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor (Uralsk, Republic of Kazakhstan).

Temporary members of the Dissertation Committee:

Moldamuratov Zhangazy Nurzhanovich - PhD, Dean of the Faculty of General Construction «International Educational Corporation» (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan).

 Talal Awwad - PhD, Professor, St. Petersburg State University of Railway Transport of Emperor Alexander I (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation).

Chong Ku Khang - PhD, Professor, Incheon National University (Incheon, Republic of Korea).

Academic Advisors:

Utepov Yelbek Bakhitovich - PhD, Professor of the Department of «Construction» ENU named after L.N. Gumilyov (Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan).

Aniskin Aleksej - PhD., Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of North (Varaždin, Croatia).

The defense will take place on April 18, 2024, at 11:00 AM in the Dissertation Council for the training direction «8D073 - Architecture and Construction» in the specialty «8D07329 - Construction» of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The defense meeting is planned to be held offline & online.

Link: http://surl.li/rcfyv 

Address: Astana, K. Satpayev str. 2, Educational and administrative building, auditorium № 302.

Abstract (English): The goal of the thesis research: Experimentally reveal the relationship between internal and external factors affecting the concrete strength gain using embedded and external sensing devices. Research objectives: 1. State-of-the-art analysis and literature review. 2. Assembling of wireless sensing devices to monitor the internal and external parameters. 3. Conducting laboratory and field tests based on traditional methods and sensor-based measurements. 4. Investigating the relationship between internal and external factors affecting the concrete strength gain. 5. Developing of a method statement for concrete structures wireless monitoring. Research Methods: The literature review underwent scrutiny. The primary material used consisted of a cement-based mixture specified as class B25 and grade M350. Additionally, the experiment utilized a two-component ABS Plastic and silicon, buffer powders with pH levels of 4.00 and 9.18, and distilled water with a pH level of 7.00. The equipment array featured a sclerometer, hydraulic press, climatic chamber, and a laptop. Preparations for the experiment involved crafting concrete samples in different shapes, including Cylindrical, Cubic, and Large box-shaped. To ensure accuracy, measurements underwent recording every 30 minutes for a span of 28 days, and the collected data received visual representation using various graphical tools. Monitoring stations found strategic placement in the laboratory or on the construction site. The design phase incorporated both 2D and 3D elements. CAD software facilitated the creation of precise 2D sketches of the device, while Blender software allowed for visualization of the 3D components. The 3D printed prototypes underwent refinement by removing or dissolving any unnecessary structures post-printing. Throughout the iterative prototyping process, flaws were consistently identified and corrected. During the testing phase, the housings filled with tissue paper were submerged in water for water resistance assessment. The emergence of moisture on the tissue indicated water infiltration. An electromechanical press-machine was utilized for evaluating compression strength, and the point of damage on the housing was documented. Shock resistance tests involved dropping the housings from varying heights and noting any resultant damage. In the realm of hardware and software development, the system relied on components like the Arduino microcontroller, temperature, and pH sensors, and a dedicated Data Collection Station. On the software side, coding took place in C++ within the VisualStudio Code: Platformio environment. Moreover, the Arduino microcontroller featured a standard bootloader to facilitate code updates via the Arduino IDE software, directing all sensor data to a custom server application. Regarding concrete strength analysis, the Nurse-Saul method, combined with a specific equation for temperature changes, was adopted. Superimposing trend lines using values from both the Nurse-Saul method and the distinct equation resulted in an accuracy level of 99.9% for strength values. Daily calculations took place to ascertain coefficients for parameters like curing temperature, ambient temperature, humidity, and pH level, aiming to assess their influence on concrete strength. By comparing concrete strength outcomes from various methodologies, insights into the relationship between strength gain and maturity became apparent. Signal strength tests involved relocating concrete samples at various distances from the monitoring station and incorporating urban obstacles to gauge their influence. To achieve a profound understanding, advanced statistical analyses were conducted. A comprehensive examination resulted from single-factor ANOVA. Based on temperature data, significant variations in parameter averages emerged using both the Scheffé method and Tukey’s Honest Significance Test. Additionally, the mercury intrusion porosimetry technique proved instrumental in unveiling details about pore volume and distribution within the samples. The main provisions (proven scientific hypotheses and other conclusions that are new knowledge) introduced for the defense 1. Recent literature highlights diverse techniques for monitoring concrete strength, such as embedded sensors and the "Maturity method," depending on country regulations. However, emerging sensor-based solutions, particularly those offering wireless monitoring via Bluetooth, have limitations. These solutions often hinder concurrent measurements and may pose challenges for construction companies, including those in Kazakhstan, due to high sensor unit costs (e.g., $80) and additional software subscription fees. Additionally, most solutions lack a separate reusable device for deriving the Maturity-Strength logarithmic function for specific concrete mixtures, resulting in unnecessary expenditure on disposable sensors. While some offer adaptable Maturity-Strength functions based on historical data, their application to local concrete mixtures can yield misleading results. 2. Testing diverse microelectronic components and Application Programming Interfaces has identified a cost-effective IT architecture for a concrete strength monitoring system. The proposed system integrates wireless embedded maturity sensors, a Data Collection Station, and a web-GIS. The physical devices, utilizing an Arduino microcontroller and Lora wireless module, come in molded plastic housings of 123×42×38 mm for the maturity sensors and 260×110×90 mm for the Data Collection Station. The web-GIS leverages the OpenLayers JavaScript API. Two versions of sensing devices are suggested: a reusable version for Maturity-Strength function derivation and a disposable version for on-site measurements. 3. Laboratory evaluations comparing the integrity, water-resistance, and durability properties of two maturity sensor housings indicate superior performance of the cylindrically shaped design over the rectangular counterpart. The cylindrical housing demonstrated resilience by withstanding immersion in water for a month without any water intrusion. Furthermore, it exhibited resistance to potential impact from a 2-meter fall and resisted crushing forces exceeding 1.5 times the average weight of an adult human. 4. Laboratory assessments of commercial concrete from "Temirbeton-1" (Almaty, Kazakhstan) and "ABK-Beton" (Astana, Kazakhstan) concrete mix plants, employing the Nurse-Saul Maturity method, indicate noteworthy disparities in the Maturity-Strength functions. Despite the use of the same B25 M350 concrete brands, distinct functions emerged, revealing variations in strength development: S=9.6494ln(M)-22.516 for "Temirbeton-1" and S=6.7279ln(M)-12.862 for "ABK-Beton". 5. During communication range testing of the utilized Lora module, it was observed that, despite the manufacturer's specified range of 2.5 km, the Received Signal Strength Index values exhibited a decline of -20 dBm per 30 m range in an urban environment with natural obstacles. This decline persisted until the signal was lost beyond 90 m from the reception point when the maturity sensor was embedded in a 200×200×200 mm concrete sample. In an unobstructed environment, the Received Signal Strength Index exhibited a more favorable performance, decreasing by a maximum of -10 dBm per 30 m range, with signal loss occurring beyond 270 m. Consequently, the developed maturity sensors can consistently transmit measurement data on a real construction site at distances ranging from 90 to 270 m when embedded in the concrete structure. 6. Field trials at residential complexes "Lake Town" (Almaty) and "New line" (Astana) validated the continuous functionality of the concrete strength monitoring system developed. This is supported by the approval of the proposed technology regulation by construction organizations' management. Subsequently, the technology regulation has been integrated as an organizational standard at "CSI Research&Lab" LLP, identified by the code STO CSI 001-2021. 7. The proposed Complex Maturity Method in this research enables an indirect consideration of internal and external factors impacting concrete strength. Analogous to the traditional Nurse-Saul method, it integrates ambient temperature and relative humidity in the concrete maturation process, offering a nuanced understanding of each factor's influence. Experimentally determined, that the cumulative effects of curing temperature, ambient temperature, and relative humidity for commercial B25 M350 concrete from the "Temirbeton-1" plant (Almaty, Kazakhstan) were 47%, 22%, and 31%, respectively. This observation is attributed to the tests being conducted in the summer time, with ambient temperatures maintained at around 20°C. 8. The strength curve derived from the Complex Maturity Method showed a 10.7% decrease compared to compression test results. In contrast to the variability observed in strength values from the impact-impulse method, the Complex Maturity Method exhibited greater consistency, as evidenced by coefficients of determination: 0.9357 for the Complex Maturity Method and 0.8965 for the impact-impulse method. 9. Subsequent research will explore the additional impact of pH levels on concrete strength development. Preliminary tests on concrete samples molded with mixtures where the initial pH levels were 4.0, 7.0, and 12.0, indicate that lower initial pH (alkaline environment) has a more pronounced influence on strength development than higher pH (acidic environment). The data analysis vividly demonstrates how pH levels critically affect concrete strength, backed by significant statistical evidence. A p-value of 2.9 × 10-168 confirms these variances are not by chance, while the Scheffé method points out marked strength differences between pH 4.0, 7.0, and 12, highlighting pH's impact alongside temperature changes. Correlation studies show a strong to very strong linkage between temperature and pH, with coefficients between -0.657 and -0.860 indicating a notable negative correlation with concrete strength. This analysis categorizes correlation strengths from poor to very strong, offering insights into parameter interrelationships. Further, Single-factor ANOVA tests underline the significant role initial water pH plays in strength gain, evidenced by considerable differences in strength and temperature data across pH values. ANOVA findings and a striking p-value of 2.4 × 10-261 for temperature data emphasize the importance of pH control in optimizing concrete's structural integrity, presenting a compelling case for meticulous pH management in construction practices. 10. Future work will focus on integrating a moisture sensor to enable continuous concrete curing process controlling its hydration rates, on implementing advanced data analytics and machine learning for real-time decision-making, as well as on improving Received Signal Strength Index and performance range via strengthening sensor’s antenna module. Description of the main results of the research Modern construction projects are significantly enhanced by the advent of sophisticated technologies that guarantee the strength and quality of concrete. This is particularly vital during the winter season when temperature plays a pivotal role in the curing process. The initial days after pouring concrete are crucial for establishing its strength. Facing unpredictable challenges such as the unavailability of heating or concrete supplies, industry professionals have innovated systems for timely monitoring of concrete strength and efficient data collection. These advancements enable the anticipation of potential setbacks, ensuring that projects proceed without unnecessary delays. The employment of advanced equipment, coupled with rigorously defined methodologies, facilitates precise control over the temperature-strength relationship of concrete. The curing time and the maturity of concrete, a measure of the duration over which the material has been hardening, are significant factors influencing its strength. Nowadays, modern measuring devices are available that allow construction professionals to quickly and accurately verify the concrete's quality, aiding in the decision-making process for further construction activities. To guide these critical processes, various international standards and norms, such as ASTM C1074-17 and DIN EN 13670, are in place. These standards provide a framework for the use of specific sensors and methodologies in measuring concrete properties, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the data collected on-site. One widely recognized technique employed across the globe, including in countries like South Korea, is the "maturity method." This standardized approach is instrumental in predicting the strength of concrete effectively. When combined with other evaluation methods, such as non-destructive testing and strength tests, it ensures that constructed structures are both safe and durable. Several mathematical formulas play a key role in this context. The Nurse-Saul and Arrhenius formulas, for example, are utilized to calculate and predict the strength of concrete. These formulas highlight the critical importance of temperature in relation to the material's maturity and ultimate strength. By accurately gauging these factors, construction professionals can ensure the structural integrity and longevity of their projects, adhering to the highest standards of safety and quality. The chapter two provides comprehensive analysis and testing of the multisensory device housing designs concluded with significant findings related to their structural integrity, water resistance, and load-bearing capacities. The development process encompassed several critical stages, from IT-architecture creation to protective housing design, prototyping, assembly, and extensive performance testing under various conditions. Key Numerical Results and Conclusions: 1. Water Resistance: The cylindrical housing was confirmed to be 100% waterproof after undergoing a rigorous one-month submersion test, demonstrating superior water resistance compared to the rectangular housing, which failed after just three days. 2. Integrity Testing: Integrity tests resulted in minor damages to both housing designs, with the rectangular housing suffering a crack at the screw connection after a 2-meter fall, highlighting a design vulnerability. Conversely, the cylindrical design showed greater resilience to physical impacts. 3. Compression Testing: Compression tests revealed that the cylindrical housing could bear more loads effectively compared to the rectangular one. The maximum uniaxial compression load for the cylindrical housing sides A, B, and C were measured at 1.65, 0.77, and 1.44 kPa, respectively, versus 0.91, 0.6, and 2.11 kPa for the rectangular housing. This indicates the cylindrical housing's superior load-bearing capacity and structural uniformity. 4. Design Efficiency: The cylindrical housing's design, which eliminates the need for screw connections and rubber waterproofing, was found to be less labor-intensive and more cost-effective. Its cap's internal structure, similar to that of plastic bottle caps, provides effective hydro insulation without additional components. 5. Reliability: The study demonstrated that the cylindrical housing is more reliable due to its consistent resistance deviation across three sides (26%), which is significantly lower than the rectangular housing's 49%. This reliability is further supported by its complete waterproofness and enhanced load-bearing capabilities. The findings from the development and testing of the multisensory device housing designs underscore the impact of housing shape and structural details on the device's performance and durability. The cylindrical housing emerged as the superior design, offering exceptional water resistance, higher load-bearing capacity, and greater overall reliability. This study illustrates the crucial role of meticulous design and testing in creating durable, efficient, and reliable electronic device housings. It also suggests that even small changes in the structure and shape of the housings can significantly affect their physical and mechanical properties, advocating for a design approach that minimizes complexity while maximizing performance and durability. The chapter three provides a comprehensive analysis of concrete strength gains, curing temperature monitoring, and the development of wireless communication systems for construction project management. It begins by comparing strength gains measured using the shock pulse method for two large samples, noting minimal variation between them. The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring curing temperature, showing a significant temperature increase when the environment shifts to an urban setting, highlighting the role of ambient conditions on concrete curing. Key numerical results include: Temperature fluctuations around 20±1°C for the first 11 days. Temperature increase to 29°C with 2-3°C variations in an urban environment. Data arrival interval deviations: average of 33 minutes 20±10 seconds; occasional deviations of over 1 hour. Data arrival intervals: 93.9% on time, 4.7% more than 0.5 hours late, 0.6% delayed by 1 hour, 0.2% delayed by 2 hours, 0.3% delayed by 2.5 hours. Signal strength: maximum distance of 270 meters in unobstructed conditions, limited to 90 meters with obstacles; reliable connections within 30-60 meters. Concrete strength gains at various curing temperatures (in MPa) for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days: 1 day: 12.71, 12.30, 12.54, 12.862, 12.9, 13.26, 13.36 3 days: 17.53, 20.44, 22.15, 22.26, 22.8, 23.51, 23.22 7 days: 23.2, 24.22, 24.3, 24.86, 24.2, 24.2, 24.24 14 days: 31.54, 26.74, 25.1, 24.5, 26.01, 26.86, 28.12 28 days: 34.7, 34.03, 34.01, 33.96, 33.9, 33.08, 33.1 Coefficient of determination (R2) for the logarithmic function: 0.9564. Correlation coefficients between compressive strength, curing temperature, ambient temperature, and relative humidity: -0.4654, -0.2861, 0.0464; internal temperature: -0.4652, 0.1152, 0.1053; ambient temperature: -0.2863, -0.8723; relative humidity: 0.0460, -0.8721. Degrees of influence on strength gain: curing temperature 58%, ambient temperature 36%, relative humidity 6%. Curing concrete temperature peak: 37ºC. Ambient conditions during monitoring: temperatures varied between 10 to 25 ºC, humidity levels fluctuated from 29 to 100%. Concrete achieved compressive strength over 70% of the expected strength for M350 grade concrete in 7 days. Maturity indices for days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28: 30.88, 47.24, 97.29, 145.53, 260°C-days. Coefficient of determination for the maturity-strength correlation: 0.9793. Maximum curing temperature reaches 21°C in the first 3 days. The difference in strength results between the shock pulse method and compression tests: 13.5% higher for the shock pulse method; 11% less for the Nurse-Saul maturity method compared to the direct compression method. These numerical results encompass temperature readings, strength gains under different conditions, deviations in data transmission intervals, and correlations between various parameters related to concrete curing and strength development. The chapter four delves deeply into understanding the relationship between numerous factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, and curing method, and how they affect the strength gain trends of concrete over time. Through their work, it was discovered that high coefficient values, particularly those with R2 values equal to 1, suggest powerful approximations in the derived equations. This precision was evident as these equations accurately represented strength values for both compression and shock impulse methods, continuing up to a 28-day span. In observing the concrete curing process, there was a notable temperature spike reaching 36.7 °C during the initial two days of curing. This peak was due to the concrete setting. Following this, the temperature showcased fluctuations, dwindling down to 2.65 °C by the culmination of the 28 days. An inverse relationship between humidity and temperature was also identified. A subsequent examination provided a visual breakdown of the correlation amongst curing temperature, relative humidity, and ambient temperature in relation to the concrete's strength. A standout observation was the pronounced correlation between the curing temperature and strength gain, more so on particular days. Delving into the degrees of influence, it was discerned that the curing temperature predominantly dictated the concrete strength. However, there were specific days when external temperature and humidity took precedence. These visual aids were instrumental in discerning these variations. When observing the strength growth and various testing methods, a comparison was drawn between different methods like the maturity method and the shock pulse method against the standard compression tests. This juxtaposition underlined the distinct characteristics and efficacies of each testing method in evaluating concrete strength. Furthermore, utilizing statistical methods like ANOVA and Scheffé's Method allowed for an in-depth evaluation of data disparities, predominantly focusing on factors such as pH levels, temperature, and strength. The study identified significant variations in temperature and strength characteristics across different pH levels. The correlation analysis brought forth a compelling negative correlation between pH levels and the inherent strength of the concrete. Moreover, a pronounced inverse relationship was observed between the concrete's strength and temperature. This implies that as temperatures soar, concrete's strength diminishes considerably. These relationships signify the profound effects of pH levels and temperature on the structural integrity and resilience of concrete. The ramifications of these findings emphasize the paramount importance of accounting for factors like temperature, relative humidity, and pH during concrete preparation and setting. Thorough assessments and rigorous testing are imperative to ascertain the durability and reliability of concrete infrastructures, more so in environments prone to environmental fluctuations. Key numerical results include: 1. Temperature Peaks: Cylindrical specimens peaked at 21°C, while large cubic specimens reached 32°C. 2. Temperature Drops: For cylindrical specimens, the temperature dropped to 8°C by day 28. Large cubic specimens also dropped to 8°C. 3. Strength Test Results: Provided for days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 across different sample types (cylindrical, cubes, and boxes) with varying MPa values. 4. Temperature and Humidity Monitoring: Internal temperature ranged from 3°C to 25°C, with ambient relative humidity between 40-60%. 5. Coefficients of Determination Strength-Maturity Correlation: R2=0.9793. Compressive Strength Trend: R2=0.9987. 6. ANOVA Findings Temperature Data: P-value = 2.4×10−261 Strength Data: P-value = 2.9×10−168 7. Correlation Coefficients For pH 4.0, temperature correlation = 0.70535, strength correlation = -0.86042. For pH 7.0, temperature correlation = 0.54236, strength correlation = -0.65684. For pH 12, temperature correlation = 0.60822, strength correlation = - 0.69992. Chapter five describes a method statement for the wireless monitoring of concrete structures using embedded maturity sensors. This method was proposed and implemented as a standard, designated “STO CSI 001-2021,” by CSI Research&Lab LLP. The primary objective is real-time tracking to ensure structural soundness. To align with established industry standards, the study consulted various regulatory documents and defined clear terminologies to ensure a shared understanding. The foundational principles of wireless monitoring were emphasized, highlighting its relevance in today's construction environment. Detailed attention was given to the temperature sensor's technical specifications and operational capabilities. Users were provided with a comprehensive guide for easy and accurate interaction with the sensor. Roles and responsibilities for all involved in the monitoring process were clearly outlined to ensure an effective and smooth monitoring experience. The sensors, before their actual application, were rigorously tested for reliability and performance in different conditions. A major focus was on the safety of personnel, with guidelines ensuring secure engagement with the temperature sensor and related tools. The study culminated with closing provisions that summarized the core findings and offered a practical implementation roadmap. In essence, the study underscores the construction industry's shift towards automation and real-time monitoring, emphasizing precision, clarity, and safety. Through clear role definitions and focus on potential hazards, the approach minimizes misunderstandings and prioritizes stakeholder welfare. Rationale for the novelty and significance of the results Theoretical significance: Universities and Research Institutes as an initial material may use main findings and recommendations of current thesis in similar studies. Scientific novelty is justified by utilizing LoRaWan communication protocol that concurrently transfer measurement data from low power embedded sensors to a singular station enabling pervasive concrete strength monitoring in monolithic structures. Research in the field of sensor implementation in construction and geotechnical engineering has captivated the attention of numerous scientists [1]. These studies shed light on significant advancements in the realm of mobile network applications within the context of earth-moving and construction machinery. The pioneering study by [2] introduces an innovative definition of distributed computing and a corresponding network model, offering a comprehensive framework to optimize power consumption in sensor networks. Meanwhile, the study by [3] underscores the critical significance of efficient data transmission and management for ensuring the seamless operation of intelligent information systems in this domain. Collectively, these works provide a better understanding of mobile network applications in the sphere of construction and earth-moving machinery, promising to enhance operational efficiency and reliability. In their publication [4], the authors delve into the development of a fiber-optic sensor system based on fiber Bragg gratings, which have gained global recognition in the domain of sensor technologies for monitoring engineering and construction structures. The research centers on the characteristics, deformation behavior, and temperature sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings within this sensor system, meticulously examined through computer modeling. The primary objective is to analyze the characteristics, deformation, and temperature behavior of fiber-optic Bragg sensors, which employ tilted gratings to measure object deformation and detect temperature variations, holding potential implications for fire prevention and safety. Remarkably, the authors harnessed simulation modeling within the MATLAB (Simulink) software to advance their research in this domain. The maintenance and repair of road infrastructure hold paramount importance for the socio-economic development of nations. Distinct from other civil structures, the composition, temperature sensitivity, and viscoelastic properties of road materials introduce unique challenges to structural analysis [5]. This study is passionately dedicated to enhancing fiber sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings to elevate their accuracy in measuring deformation, stress, displacement, and temperature. The novelty of this research lies in modernizing Fiber Bragg Gratings-based fiber sensors to facilitate the simultaneous measurement of deformation and temperature for monitoring road surfaces. The article comprehensively explores the application of fiber-optic sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings for road surface monitoring and evaluates their synchronicity, repeatability, and linearity. The results convincingly demonstrate the substantial potential of Fiber Bragg Gratings-based fiber sensors in enhancing road safety and stability. In a recently published paper [6], the authors engage in a profound exploration of the utilization of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks for object tracking, a technology widely applied in diverse domains, including healthcare, surveillance, and traffic control. In surveillance applications, where sensor nodes generate real-time data while tracking objects, the data often assumes the form of big data, necessitating storage in NoSQL databases. The article introduces a groundbreaking object tracking approach for surveillance applications, featuring a big data model based on graphs and multilevel fusion. This pioneering approach is structured around three key steps: intra-node fusion, inter-node fusion, and object trajectory construction. The authors brought their concepts to life through the implementation of a prototype system, conducting a comprehensive evaluation of its performance using both real and synthetic datasets. These experiments underscore the remarkable efficiency of third-level fusion, when coupled with inter-node and intra-node fusions, in the realm of object tracking within Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks applications. In essence, these studies collectively exemplify the ongoing evolution and innovation in the field of sensor technology. They serve as catalysts for improved safety, efficiency, and overall performance across a wide range of industries, ultimately bestowing significant benefits upon society at large. The groundbreaking work by [7] introduces a fiber-optic sensor system, finely tuned for the monitoring of building support structures. This cutting-edge system possesses the capability to detect damage and identify areas of high stress in reinforced concrete structures, enabling the timely implementation of preventive measures. Its quasi-distributed monitoring approach enhances real-time oversight of building structures in densely populated urban areas. Simultaneously, the article by [8] confronts the limitations of traditional wireless sensor network deployment, typically centered on a single sink. The authors introduce a sophisticated distributed data aggregation scheduling algorithm tailored to Wireless Sensor Networks featuring two sinks. In a bid to further improve network performance, a novel distributed energy-balancing algorithm is proposed to equalize energy consumption among aggregators. These innovations hold the potential to enhance fault tolerance and extend the operational lifetime of such networks. Additionally, the article authored by [9] presents the adoption of fiber optics for structural health monitoring, with a specific focus on a high-rise building located in Astana, Kazakhstan. Employing a distributed fiber optic strain sensing system, the system continuously captures data on temperature and strain. This invaluable data aids in the understanding of strain patterns and the early detection of cracks within the concrete structure of the building. Notably, the research discussed in [10] addresses the critical geotechnical monitoring of high-rise buildings in Astana, Kazakhstan, particularly those relying on pile foundations for structural integrity. A distributed fiber optic strain sensing system is instrumental in tracking soil deformations and their potential impacts on nearby structures and utility systems. This research contributes significantly to the development of secure foundations for high-rise buildings, particularly in complex soil conditions. The [11] article tackles the formidable challenge of managing the heat generated by cementitious materials during mass concreting projects. It introduces a cutting-edge solution in the form of the smartrock2 device, a wireless sensor thoughtfully placed on rebars to continuously track temperature variations. The invaluable data derived from this technology plays a pivotal role in enhancing heat management during mass concrete placements, a crucial factor in averting cracks and ensuring the structural integrity of constructed works. Meanwhile, the [12] article delves into the realm of early-age strength prediction for reinforced concrete structures, a critical aspect of construction. It brings to the fore non-destructive testing techniques, most notably ultrasonic wave propagation and concrete maturity analysis, to forecast the development of compressive strength. In an impressive display of innovation, the research introduces a novel relationship between wave propagation, penetration tests, and hydration temperature. This breakthrough offers a comprehensive and cost-effective approach to forecasting in-situ early-age concrete strength, catering to the needs of secure and enduring construction projects. These studies collectively represent an important stride in the ongoing quest for innovation and excellence in construction and geotechnical engineering. In light of the findings presented in the aforementioned articles, it becomes evident that optical systems, WiFi, and Bluetooth may not always be the optimal choices for data monitoring in various scenarios. The research discussed in these articles highlights specific challenges and limitations associated with these technologies. Optical systems, such as fiber optic sensors, undoubtedly offer high precision in certain applications, particularly for structural health monitoring. However, their effectiveness may be compromised in complex geological conditions or for real-time monitoring of dynamic and rapidly changing environments, such as construction sites. Similarly, while WiFi and Bluetooth are widely used for data transmission in various domains, they may not be the most suitable options for certain critical applications. The studies emphasize the importance of efficient data transmission, especially in scenarios where data is generated in real-time and categorized as big data, such as in the case of surveillance or geotechnical monitoring. In such situations, the limitations of these wireless communication technologies may become apparent, potentially affecting the reliability and speed of data transfer. To summarize, while optical systems, WiFi, and Bluetooth have their strengths and widespread applications, it is essential to consider the specific requirements and challenges of a given monitoring scenario. Depending on the nature of the application, alternative or supplementary technologies may be more appropriate to ensure accurate, timely, and reliable data monitoring. The choice of technology should align with the unique demands and constraints of the monitoring task at hand. That is why, the utilization of the LoRaWAN communication protocol in the context of pervasive concrete strength monitoring in monolithic structures offers significant scientific novelty and several justifications based on the conclusion above: 1. Efficient Data Transmission: LoRaWAN is known for its long-range and low-power capabilities, making it well-suited for applications where efficient data transmission is crucial. In scenarios where concrete strength data is generated and transmitted in real-time, such as monitoring early-age strength in mass concreting, the LoRaWAN protocol's efficiency ensures that data is transmitted promptly and reliably. 2. Overcoming WiFi and Bluetooth Limitations: The conclusion highlights limitations of WiFi and Bluetooth in certain monitoring applications, especially those involving real-time data transmission and the management of large datasets. LoRaWAN provides an alternative that overcomes these limitations, offering a robust communication protocol for scenarios where WiFi and Bluetooth may not be the best options. 3. Cost-Effective and Scalable: LoRaWAN is cost-effective and highly scalable. In pervasive concrete strength monitoring, where numerous embedded sensors are deployed across a monolithic structure, LoRaWAN's scalability allows for the simultaneous monitoring of multiple sensors with minimal infrastructure costs. This is particularly valuable in large construction projects. 4. Low Power Consumption: Embedded sensors in concrete structures often rely on limited power sources. LoRaWAN's low power consumption ensures that these sensors can operate for extended periods without frequent battery replacements, reducing maintenance and operational costs. 5. Long-Range Capabilities: Monolithic structures can be vast, and traditional communication protocols like WiFi or Bluetooth may struggle to provide adequate coverage. LoRaWAN's long-range capabilities enable sensors to communicate over considerable distances, ensuring comprehensive coverage within the structure. 6. Reliable Monitoring: Concrete strength monitoring is critical for ensuring the integrity and safety of structures. LoRaWAN's reliability and ability to transmit data from low-power sensors to a central station ensure that data is consistently and accurately monitored, contributing to the overall reliability and safety of the structure. The use of the LoRaWAN communication protocol in pervasive concrete strength monitoring represents a scientifically justified novelty. It addresses the limitations of other communication technologies, offers cost-effectiveness, scalability, and efficient data transmission, all of which are crucial factors in ensuring the success and safety of construction projects involving monolithic structures. Practical significance: Is in the possibility of using the research material for practical activities on the testing and application of RCS in Kazakhstan. The use of concrete sensors in construction and engineering offers several key advantages: 1. Real-time Monitoring: Concrete sensors act as a kind of "health monitor" for concrete, providing continuous real-time data on parameters like temperature. This data allows contractors to closely track the condition of the concrete throughout the construction process. 2. Efficiency and Speed: The data collected from concrete sensors can be used to optimize construction schedules and processes. For instance, contractors can accelerate the formwork by analyzing concrete maturity and strength calculations. This can result in time savings of up to 20%. 3. Quality Assurance: Concrete sensors help ensure the quality of concrete by measuring temperature at different locations and controlling temperature differentials. This, in turn, aids in optimizing schedules and maintaining the thermal integrity of the concrete. 4. Data-Driven Decision-Making: Contractors can use sensor data to make informed and accurate decisions. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are increasingly used to analyze sensor data, helping to detect anomalies, patterns, and predict concrete behavior. 5. Environmental Impact Reduction: Concrete sensors contribute to sustainability efforts by enabling more efficient use of resources and reducing the carbon footprint of concrete construction. Data can help optimize the use of materials and processes. 6. Automation and Predictive Analytics: The data collected by sensors, when combined with AI algorithms, holds the potential to automate processes and predict concrete strength. This can lead to cost savings and process optimization, making job sites safer and more efficient. 7. Application Flexibility: Concrete sensors find application in various construction projects, from building slabs and civil projects to road construction. Their flexibility in monitoring temperature and strength makes them valuable across a wide range of construction scenarios. 8. Data Analysis and Reporting: Concrete sensors are integrated with software applications that analyze data and provide insights. They can also generate reports and provide notifications, streamlining data-driven decision-making. 9. Small Form Factor: Despite their advanced capabilities, concrete sensors are relatively small, making them easy to integrate into construction projects without significantly affecting the structure's design or aesthetics. 10. Evolution and Advancements: The field of concrete sensors is continually evolving, with new types of sensing technologies, improved analytics, and enhanced data collection methods. Ongoing research aims to further improve the accuracy and predictability of concrete behavior. Concrete sensors are a significant technological advancement in construction, offering a range of benefits including efficiency, quality assurance, environmental sustainability, and automation possibilities that are poised to transform the construction industry in the coming years. Compliance with the directions of development of science or state programs Concrete, a fundamental building block in the construction industry, is omnipresent across the structural landscape, forming the backbone of countless architectural endeavors. Its prevalence is underpinned by its versatility and resilience, qualities that are pivotal in a material that shapes our physical world. However, the journey of concrete from its malleable form to its hardened state - a process known as curing - is fraught with potential variability. This variability is not just a matter of inconsistency; it's a complex ballet of internal chemistry and external environmental conditions that can dramatically affect the quality of the end product. The curing process is where concrete's inherent potential for strength and longevity is either realized or compromised. As concrete cures, it undergoes a chemical reaction known as hydration, where water combines with cement to form a stone-like substance. But this transformation is sensitive to the conditions under which it occurs. Temperature fluctuations, humidity levels, the presence of contaminants, the concrete mix design, and even the curing duration can all influence the outcome. Variations in these factors can lead to a wide range of issues, from superficial cracking to deep-seated structural weaknesses that may manifest years after construction. The advent of sensor technology has heralded a new age in concrete monitoring, allowing for an unprecedented glimpse into the concrete's curing journey. These sensors, embedded within the concrete itself, serve as vigilant sentinels, recording data on temperature, moisture, strain, and even chemical changes in real-time. With this data, engineers and construction professionals can construct a detailed narrative of the concrete's maturation process, identify any deviations from the expected path, and understand the intricate dance between internal reactions and external conditions. This real-time monitoring is not merely for academic interest; it has practical, immediate benefits. With accurate data, decisions about when to remove formwork, apply loads, or implement post-treatment procedures can be made with confidence, minimizing the risk of premature failure and optimizing the material's performance. Moreover, this knowledge empowers professionals to tailor curing conditions to match the specific demands of each project, ensuring that the full strength and durability potential of concrete is achieved. Furthermore, the implications of such monitoring extend beyond the construction phase. The lifetime maintenance of concrete structures is a significant concern, with repairs and reinforcements often costing more than the initial construction. Early detection of potential problems through sensor data can lead to proactive maintenance, preventing minor issues from escalating into major structural failures. In our era of smart technology and data-driven decision-making, the relevance of research into sensor-based concrete quality assessment cannot be overstated. It is a critical component in the ongoing quest to improve construction methodologies, enhance structural safety, and achieve sustainability in the built environment. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is architecturally possible, understanding the fundamental properties of materials like concrete is paramount. Sensor technology represents a crucial tool in this endeavor, providing the insights needed to harness concrete's full potential, ensuring its role as a reliable, robust material for generations to come.

Dissertation